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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6td  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mdthode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiqu6s  ci-dessous. 


The 
to  th 


The 
post 
of  tl 
filmi 


D 
D 
□ 

D 

D 
D 
D 
D 


D 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couveriure  de  couleur 

Covers  damaged/ 
Couverture  ondommagde 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurde  et/ou  pelliculde 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  gdographiques  en  couleur 

doloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  nrjire) 

Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Relid  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serree  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  intdrieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajout6es 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  dtait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  dt6  filmdes. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppUtmentaires: 


□    Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

□    Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommag6es 

□    Pages  restored  r>nd/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaurdes  et/ou  pelticuldes 

I — I  , Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
I    V   Pages  d^colordes,  tachetdes  ou  piqu6es 

□Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d6tach6es 

□    Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

□    Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Quality  in^gale  de  I'impression 

□    Includes  supplemv'ntary  material/ 
Comprend  du  matdrie  supplementaire 


D 
D 


Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  ddition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partieliement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6t6  filmdes  d  nouveau  de  fagon  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


Orig 

begi 

the 

sion 

othf 

first 

sion 

or  il 


Th? 
sha 
TIN 
whi 

Ma| 
diff 
enti 
beg 
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This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmd  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqud  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


26X 


SOX 


V 


12X 


16X 


20X 


28X 


32X 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of- 

D.  B.  Weldon  Library 
University  of  Western  Ontario 

The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Th9  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contaii.  the  symbol  — •>  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 

Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


L'exemplaire  film6  fut  reproduit  grSce  it  la 
g6n6rosit6  de: 

D.  B.  Weldon  Library 
University  of  Western  Ontario 

Les  images  suivantes  ont  6x6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettetd  de  l'exemplaire  film6,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contr&t  de 
filmage. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprim6e  sont  film6s  en  commen^ant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmds  en  commengant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  chaque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — ^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  etre 
filmds  6  des  taux  de  reduction  diff6rents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  etre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  cliche,  il  est  film6  6  partir 
de  Tangle  supdrieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  n6cessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  m^thode. 


1 

2 

3 

1 


03 

00 

M 
o 
o 

P5 

O 

•r-l 
Pi 


< 

o 

< 

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O 


OBJEC 


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*Miv^  *ijj  I  iw  ^-^li  1    I 


'i^l^FIWT'qVIIWIIW  Wl^ 


LAKE  SUPERIOR  GUIDE, 


GIVING  A  DESCRIPTION 


OF  AI.I.  THB 


OBJECTS  OF  OTESEST  AND  PLACES  OF  RESORT 


Oir  THIS 


GREAT  INLAND  SEA; 


WITH  AN  ACCOUNT  OP  TOS 


(S>ii\t$t  Wt\h%t$  an4  itltmv^t  ^$mtkn 


ON  THE 


SOUTH  AND  NORTH  SHORES; 

IRON,  COPPER,  AND  SILVER  MINES, 
STEAMBOAT  EXCURSIONS,  &c. 


WITH  A  TOWNSHIP  MAP 
Including  the  Lake  Superior  Region  and  Northern  I^innesota. 


PHILADELPHIA: 

Compiled  and  Published  by  J.  DISTURNELL, 

No.    17   South  Sixth   Street. 
1874. 


I* 

I 


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.1  \ 


THE  TOWNSHIP  MAP 


OF  THK 


LAKE   SUPERIOR  REGION 


AND 


UPPER  MISSISSIPPI  VALLEY, 


EXTENDING   TO  THB 


RED  RIVER  OF  THE  NORTH, 

Compiled  from  Government  Surveys  by  J.  Calvin  Smith,  which  accompanies 
this  volume,  can  be  relied  upon  for  its  accuracy. 

Price,  T5  cents,  pocket  form. 

Published  by  J.  DISTURNELL, 

17  South  Sixth  Street, 
llhUadcIphia. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1874, 

By  JOHN  DISTURNELL, 

In  the  OlTice  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington. 


LAKE  SUPERIOR  REGION. 


TO  THE  TEAVELUNG  PUBLIC. 

Lake  Superior  and  its  surroundings  constitute  one  of  the  grandest  and 
most  instructive  features  of  the  American  Continent,  in  a  physical  point  of 
view.  Here  Nature  has  been  lavish  in  her  gifts  to  man — affording  pure  and 
sparkling  waters — a  healthy  and  invigorating  climate — useful  and  precious 
metals,  and  various  kinds  of  fish  of  a  delightful  flavor,  aVJ  abounding  in  thie 
favored  region  ;  where  Pictured  Rocks,  mountains,  water-falls,  islands,  bays 
and  varied  land  and  water  scenery  greet  the  eye  of  the  observing  traveller 
while  passing  over  this  Inland  Sea,  elevated  six  hundred  feet  above  the  ocean 
with  a  depth  of  about  one  thousand  feet  near  its  centre. 

St.  Louis  River  with  its  Dalles — Pigeon  River  with  its  picturesque  falls — 
Kaministiquia  River  with  its  bold  mountain  scenery — Neepigon  River  with 
its  rapids  and  falls,  abounding  in  speckled  trout  of  the  largest  size  and  in  great 
abundance,  together  with  other  streams  flowing  into  Lake  Superior,  afford 
most  delightful  camping  grounds  and  resorts  for  the  seekers  of  health  and 
pleasure.  Most  of  the  smaller  streams  are  alive  with  brook  trout,  while  the 
lake  itself  abounds  in  white-fish,  mackinac  trout,  siskowit,  and  other  kinds  of 
fish  of  a  superior  quality. 

The  Iron  Mines,  extending  along  the  South  Shore,  from  near  Marquette  to 
Lake  Michigamme,  and  beyond,  afford  ore  of  the  purest  quality  and  in  in- 
exhaustible quantities.  The  Copper  Mines  of  Keweenaw  Point,  running  south- 
west for  about  eighty  miles  are  the  wonder  of  the  world — here  is  found 
mass-copper  of  large  size  in  some  localities,  and  in  others  copper  mixed  with 
quartz,  and  some  in  a  conglomerate  state,  such  as  the  Calumet  and  Hecla 
Mines — all  these  mines  are  accessible  and  well  deserving  of  a  visit.    They 


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THE  TRAVELLING  PUBLIC. 


are  divided  into  three  districts,  the  Portage  District,  Keweenaw  District,  and 
Ontonagon  District,  and  can  be  reached  from  several  ports  where  the  copper 
is  shipped  to  Eastern  markets. 

The  Silver  Minex  along  the  North  Shore,  extending  from  near  Pigeon  River 
to  the  Nepigon  River,  embracing  Thunder  Bay  District,  are  almost  fabulous 
as  regards  their  richness  and  extent.  For  upwards  of  one  hundred  miles, 
recent  exploratiop'-  indicate  the  existence  of  silver  ore  yielding  from  one  to 
four  thousand  dollars  a  ton  of  the  precious  metal.  Gold  is  also  found  in  the 
north-eastern  part  of  Minnesota  and  in  the  region  west  of  Fort  William,  iu 
Canada. 

The  completion  of  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad  from  Duluth,  Minn.,  to  the 
Missouri  River,  a  distance  of  about  four  hundred  and  fifty  miles,  crossing  the 
Red  River  of  the  North,  adds  greatly  to  the  inducement  for  pleasure  travellers 
and  seekers  of  health  to  visit  this  extended  region. 

The  above  knowledge,  in  connection  with  Commercial  advantages  which 
Lake  Superior  now  possesses,  by  means  of  Lines  of  Steamers  and  Railroads 
running  towards  the  east,  south,  and  west,  has  induced  the  Compiler  to  prepare 
for  the  use  of  the  Travelling  Public  a  new  edition  of  a  useful  work,  with  a 
Township  Map,  forming  a  complete  Guide  to  the  Lake  Superior  Region. 

J.  DISTURNELL. 

£hilaoelpuia,  May^  1874. 


II 


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C  . 


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V      ; 


^^         / 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

St.  Lawrence  Hiver  and  Lake  Navioa- 

TION 7 

Approaches  to  Lake  Superior 8 

Lake  Superior  Guide  —  Saut  Ste.  Marie 9 

Trout  Fishing  liesorts 10 

Fort  Brady —  St.  Mary's  Ship  Canal 11 

Openinj?  and  Closing  of  the  Ship  Canal  — 

Statement  of  Receipts 12 

Princii)al  Places  of  Resort  —  Islands  in  Lake 

Superior 13 

Steamboat    Excursion,    South    Shore  — 

White  Fish  Point,  etc 14 

Pictured  Rocks  —  Grand  Marais  Harbor 15 

Munising  —  Onota  —  Grand  Island,  etc 16 

Marquette  —  Negaunee  —  Iron  Mines 17 

Ishpeming  —  Michigamme 18 

Marquette  to  L'Anse  —  Marquette,  Hovigh- 

ton  and  Ontonagon  Railroad  —  Escanaba,.  19 
Pleasure  Excursion — Stannard's  Rock— Mar- 
quette to  Portage  Entry  and  Houghton 20 

Huron  Bay  —  L'Anse  —  Portage  River  and 

Lake  —  Houghton  —  Copper  Mines 21 

Hancock  —  Portage  River  Improvement 22 

Portage  and  Lake  Superior  Ship  Canal  —  Cal- 
umet   23 

Keweenaw  Point  —  Copper  Harbor  —  Eagle 

Harbor  —  Eagle  River ,  24 

Ontonagon— Rockland— Silver   Mines— Por- 
cupine Mountain  —  La  Pointe 25 

Bayfield  —  Ashland  —  Houghton  Point 26 

Penokee  Iron    Range  —  Odanah  —  Apostle 

Islands 27 

City  of  Superior 28 

DuLUTir  —  Minnesota  Point 29 

Harbor  Improvements  —  Railroads — Steam- 
boat Lines 39 


PA6I! 

Mariner's  Guide  to  the  Upper  Lakes  ~  Llght- 
Houses 31-32 

Table  of  Distances  —  Duluth  to  Isle  Royale 
and  Pigeon  River 33 

Good  Harbor  Bay  —  Marais  Harbor  —  Grand 
Portage  Bay  —  Pigeon  Bay  —  Isle  Royale...  34 

Trip  along  the  South  Shore  of  Lake  Superior  35 

Rapids,  Saut  Ste.  Marie 36 

Lake  Superior,  North  Shore  — Point  aux 
Pins  —  Gros  Cap  —  Goulais  Bay  —  Batchee- 
wanaung  Bay  —  Mamainse  Point 37 

Montreal  Island  —  Cape  Gargantua — Coast- 
ing along  the  Nortli  Shore 38 

Michipicoten  Harbor  and  Ishuid  —  Caribou 
Island  — Otter  Head  — Pic  River — ..  39 

St.  Ignace  Island  —  Nepigon  Bay —  Rt?d  Rock  40 

Nejiigon  River,  its  Rapids  and  Lakes- 
Waters  of  the  Nepigon 41 

Nopigon  River  — Nepigon  Lake  explored 42 

Black  Bay  — Trip  from  Marquette  to  Silver 
Islet 43 

Silver  Islet  and  Settlement 44 

Thunder  Bay  and  Cape— Pie  Island — Prince 
Arthur's  Landing 45 

Silver  Mining  Companies  —  Fort  William  — 
McKay's  Mountain  —  Kaministiquia  River  46 

Rei)ort  of  the  Geology  of  tlie  Lake  Superior 
Country — Prince's  Bay,  etc 47 

Isle  Royale  —  Copper  and  Silver  Mines 48 

Latitude,  Elevation,  and  Mean  Annual  Tem- 
perature of  Signal  Stations  on  the  Upper 
Lakes 49 

Lake  Superior  —  Objects  of  Interest— Bays, 
Harbors,  Islands,  etc 50-^1 

Advebtisemekts. 52-64 


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TO  SEEKERS  OF  HEALTH  AND  PLEASURE. 


|m£  |ls3^Mi  ^mtm  kt  tie  |e3|6n  q!  1874 


— FROM — 


BUFFALO,  ERIE,  CLEVELAND  AND  DETROIT, 

TO    DULyTH    AND   ST.    PAUL, 

PASSING   THROUGH 
To    pONTINUE    DURING    THE    SUMMER    MoNTHS. 


A  Daily  Line  of  Steamers  will  run  from  Buffalo,  Erie,  &c.,  to  Saut 
Ste.  Marie,  Marquette  and  Duluth,— Connecting  with  Cars  on  the  Lake 
Superior  &  Mississippi  Railroad,  running  to  St.  Paul,  Minn. 

From  St.  Paul  Steamers  run  Daily  on  the  Mississippi  River,  during 
the  season  of  Navigation,  to  La  Orosse,  Prairie  du  Ohien,  Dubuque 
and  St.  Louis, — Connecting  with  the  Lines  of  Railroad  running  to  Mil- 
waukee, Chicago  and  Detroit, — thus  furnishing  a  Round  Trip  of  over 
two  thousand  niiles,  by  land  and  water,  through  one  of  the  most  healthy  and 
interesting  regions  on  the  Continent. 


DULUTH  TO  BISMARCK,  DAKOTA, 

VIA 

NORTHERN  PACIFIC  RAILROAD 

This  new  and  Health-Restoring  Line  of  Travel,  by  means  of  steamers 
on  the  Upper  Lakes  op  America  aflbrds  an  extended  Excursion  of  1,650 
miles  from  Buffalo  to  Bismarck,  Dakota — connecting  with  Steamers  on  the 
Red  River  of  the  North,  and  on  the  Upper  Missouri,  extending  for  1,200  miles, 
furthei*  to  FoijT  Benton,  Montana — forming  altogether  the 

GRANDEST  EXCUliSION  IN   THE  WORLD. 

6 


ST.  LAWRENCE  RIVER  AND  LAKE  NAVIGATION 


The  St.  Lawrence  navigation  ex- 
tends from  the  Straits  of  Belle  Isle, 
near  the  coast  of  Labrador  (N.  Lat. 
51°  30^,  W.  Long.  55°  30^,  to  Duluth, 
Minn.,  at  the  head  of  Lake  Superior, 
a  distance  of  about  2,500  statute 
miles,  by  direct  course. 

The  Canadian  Canals  on  this  route 
are  the  Lachine  Canal,  8J  miles ; 
Bcauharnois,  11.}  miles;  Cornwall, 
11^  miles;  Farran's  Point,  1  mile; 
Rapid  Plat,  4  miles;  Galops,  7^ 
miles,  (on  the  St.  Lawrence  River), 
and  the  Welland  Canal,  (between 
Lakes  Ontario  and  Erie),  27  miles. 
Their  united  length  is  71  miles,  and 
total  lockage  is  537  feet,  passing 
through  54  locks. 

The  St.  Mari/'s  Ship  Canal  1  mile 
in  length  and  18  feet  lockage  (two 
locks),  avoiding  the  Rapids  and  unit- 
ing the  waters  of  Lake  Huron  and 
Superior,  was  constructed  by  a  com- 
pany with  the  aid  of  the  United 
States  Government.  Lake  Ontario  is 
elevated  234  feet  above  the  highest 
tidal  flow  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  at 
Three  Rivers:  Lake  Erie,  564  feet; 
Lake  Huron,  574  feet ;  Lake  Michigan, 
576  feet,  and  Lake  Superior,  600  feet 
above  the  ocean. 


TABLE  OF  DISTANCES. 


MILES.                             PORTS,  Ac. 

MILES. 

2,540  Straits  of  Bkllk  Isi.r, 

00 

1,ST0  Mouth  Sttguouay  Kivor, 

670 

1,1M  Qlkuec, 

140 

810 

1,G46  Throe  Rivers, 

85 

895 

1,5G0  Montreal, 

85 

980 

1.551  Lachine, 

y 

989 

1,536  Uoauharnols  Canal, 

15 

1,004 

1,492  Cornwall, 

44 

1,048 

1,440  OoDK-vsiiuRO,  N.  Y., 

52 

1,1(X) 

1,402  Kingston,  Can., 

38 

1,138 

Lakk  Ontario. 

1,242  Toronto, 

160 

1,298 

l,2():il  Mouth  Welland  Canal, 

40 

1,338 

1,175   Welland  Canal, 

27 

1,365 

Lake  Erie. 

895  Maiden,  Can., 

280 

1,015 

875  Detroit,  Mich., 

20 

1,065 

800  Port  Huron,  Mich., 

75 

1,710 

Lake  Huron. 

570  Point  de  Tour, 

230 

1,970 

620  Saut  Ste.  Marie, 

50 

2,020 

480  White  Fish  Point, 

40 

2,060 

Lake  Superior. 

350  Marquette,  Mich., 

130 

2,190 

270  Keweenaw  Point, 

80 

2,270 

170    Ontonagan, 
86  Bayfield, 

100 

1,370 

84 

i,4.:>i 

00  DuLUTU,  Minn., 

86 

2,540 

Note, — Thia  distance  could  be  shortened  4.'tO 
miles  by  tho  completion  of  the  proposed  Huron 
and  Ontario  Ship  Canal. 

.  Distance  from  Chicago  to  tho  Straits  of 
Bello  Isle,  2,400;  from  Toledo,  Ohio,  1,700 
miles,  from  Buffalo,  1,365  miles. 


Lower  St.  Lawrence  and  Saguenay  Rivers. 


The  Trip  down  the  noble  St.  Law- 
rence River,  passing  through  the 
Rapids  to  the  City  of  Montreal,  160 
miles,  is  one  of  the  most  exciting 
character.  The  excursion  from  Mon- 
treal to  Quebec,  1*70  miles,  is  also 
deeply  interesting,  passing  through 
Lake  St.  Peter.  The  river  thus  far 
being  from  a  half  to  one  mile  in  width. 

TJio  Trip  from  (Quebec  tp  the  far- 


1 


famed  Saguenay  River,  140  miles,  is 
another  deeply  interesting  excursion, 
passing  Murray  Bay,  80  miles ;  Ka- 
mouraska,  100  miles ;  Riviere  du  Loup, 
120  miles,  arriving  at  Tadousac,  140 
miles,  where  the  river  is  30  miles  wide. 
At  the  Watering  Places  on  the  Lower 
St.  Lawrence,  are  several  well  kept 
Hotels,  being  much  frequented  during 
tU^  S^qipa^r  Months, 


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APPROACHES  TO  LAKE  SUPEEIOR. 


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There  arc  now  siuc  Great  Routes 

of  Travel  opoti  lo  Toiirisi«  to  and  i'roui 
the  Lake  Superior  eountry. 

The  first  is  by  the  Lake  Superior 

LineSteameiw.     Sturtiiijjf  from  Jinffulo 
and  stopping  at  Erie  and  CU'vehmd,  they 

Eass  through  Luke  Erie  and  enter  the 
>etroit  River,  st(>p[)ing  at  Detroit  to  hind 
and  reeeive  passengers  —  erosa  Lake  St. 
Clair,  and  aseend  the  St.  Clair  Kiver  to 
Port  Huron,  JMich.,  stoi)ping  at  Fort 
Gratiot,  where  the  Grand  Trunk  Ildil- 
ivay  of  OttKuld  erosses  tlie  river  near 
Sarnia.  Tiie  broad  waters  of  Lnke  Hu- 
ron are  next  erossod  —  passing  Saginaw 
Bay  —  then  St,  Mary's  lliver  is  entered 
at  Point  de  Tour,  i)asBing  ui)war(ls  to  the 
Saut  Ste.  Marie,  and  througli  the  Ship 
Canal  to  Lake  Superior;  a  distance  of 
about  400  miles  from  Detroit. 

The  second  is  bv  the  Canadian  route, 
starting  from  Toronto  and  proeeediug  by 
Northern  Railway  of  Canada  to  Coll  log- 
wood, 94  miles;  then  crossing  Giorgi  ui 
Bay  and  j)assing  througli  the  North 
Channel  and  St.  Mary's  River  to  Saul 
Ste.  Marie,  entering  Lake  Superior  and 
running  along  the  North  Shore.  This 
route  affords  some  of  the  grandest  lake 
and  river  scenery  imaginable. 

The  third  is'by  the  Chicago  and  :MiI- 
waukee  Line  of  Steamers,  passing  through 
Lake  Michigan  and  the  Straits  of  Mack- 
inac for  a  distance  of  about  400  miles, 
when  the  far-famed  Island  of  Mackinac 
is  reached ;  from  thence  the  steamers  run 
to  the  month  of  the  St.  Mary's  River,  as- 
cending this  beautiful  stream  to  Lake 
Superior;  a  total  distance  of  500  miles 
from  Chicago. 


Tiie  fourth  is  via  the  Chirar/n  and 
X(>rtk-ii'c»t('rn  Uailrixul,  ruindng  lo  ( I'-et-n 
Bay  and  Eseanaba,  Mii'h.,  aikd  from 
tiienee  by  the  Peuininila  Ilailrimd  to  Mar- 
(piette,  situatetl  on  the  South  Shore  of 
Lake  SujU'rior;  a  total  distance  of  4.'U 
miles.  This  nmte  is  direct  and  sj»eedy, 
l)assing  through  an  interesting  section  of 
coinitry  for  most  of  the  distance. 

The  fifth  is  via  St.  Paul,  passing 
over  the  Lake  Superior  and  Muisissippi 
liidlroiul  to  DuLUTii,  155  luiles.  This 
route  atl<>rds  an  easy  access  to  tlie  Lake 
Superior  region  from  the  Sontli ;  passing 
up  the  noble  Mississippi  to  the  head  of 
navigation, — uniting  the  ^'hnper'ud  Lakes 
with  the  Father  of  Waters'' 

The  sixth  is  via  the  N(wlhem  Pacific 
Railroad,  now  comj>leted  from  Duhith  to 
the  Upper  Missouri  liiver,  a  distance  of 
450  miles.  This  imi)ortaot  railroad, 
when  finished,  will  extend  to  Paget 
Sound,  Washington  Territory,  with  a 
branch  running  to  Portland,  Oregon. 
It  now  afli)rils  a  direct  line  to  travel  to 
FoutGakiiy,  Manitoba.  Tlie  favorable 
features  of  this  extended  route  Across 
the  (Continent,  in  a  commercial  and  cli- 
matic point  of  view,  cannot  be  over-esti- 
mated, which  will  allbrd  a  spee<ly  and 
desirable  route  "  Around  the  World." 

Two  other  Lines  of  Railroad  -will 
soon  be  completed,  affording  additional 
means  of  reaching  Lake  Superior,  viz. : 
the  Grand  Rapids  and  Indiana  Railroad, 
extending  from  Fort  Wayne,  Ind.,  to 
Old  Mackinac,  ^lich.,  and  the  Wisconsin 
Central  RaUroad,  running  from  Menasha 
and  Portage  City,  Wisconsin,  to  Ash- 
land, on  the  South  Shore  of  Lake  Su- 
perior. 


Note.  —  The  numerous  Lines  of  Kailroad,  on  the  East  and  South,  which  con- 
nect with  the  above  Through  Lines  of  Travel  to  Lake  Superior,  make  this  whole 
region  of  country  easily  accessible  to  the  pleasure  traveller  or  man  of  business. 

8 


Lake  Superior  Guide. 


Saut  Ste.  Marie,  the  capital  of 

Chippewa  county,  Michigan,  and  a  port 
of  entry,  is  advantageously  situated  on 
St.  Mary's  River,  or  Strait,  .*J55  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Detn)it,  being  ')()  miles  above 
Lake  Huron,  and  15  miles  from  the  foot 
of  Lake  Superior,  in  N.  lat.  ll)°  30' ;  \V. 
long.  84°  43^  The  Rapids  at  this  place, 
giving  the  name  to  the  settlements  on 
both  si''' ",  of  the  river,  have  a  descent  of 
20  feet  within  the  distance  of  a  mile,  and 
form  the  natural  limit  of  navigation. 
The  Ship  Canal,  however,  finished  in 
1855,  on  the  American  side,  obviates  this 
difficulty.  Steamers  and  sail  vessels  of  a 
large  class  no  at  pass  through  the  locks 
into  Lake  Superior,  greatly  facilitating 
trade  and  commerce. 

The  village  on  the  American  side  is 
pleasantly  situated  at  the  foot  of  the 
Rapids,  and  contains  a  Presbyterian  Jind 
a  Roman  Catholic  church,  2  hotels,  8 
or  10  stores  and  storehouses,  and  about 
1200  inhabitants,  having  increased  but 
slowlv  since  its  first  settlement  bv  the 
French  in  1668.  Many  of  the  inhabitants, 
Indians  and  half-breeds  in  the  vicinity, 
are  engaged  in  the  fur  trade  and  fisheries ; 
the  latter  being  an  important  and  profit- 
able occupation,  here  being  taken  large 
quantities  of  white  fish.  Summer  visitors 
annually  flock  to  this  place  and  the  Lake 
Superior  country  for  health  and  pleasure. 
The  Chippewa  itoase,  a  well-kept  hotel,  on 
the  American  side,  situated  near  the 
Steamboat  Landing,  and  one  on  the 
Canadian  side  of  the  river,  both  afford 
good  accommodations. 


The  scene,  as  witnessed  from  tlio  deck 
of  the  steamer  on  passing  through  the 
locks,  is  of  the  most  interesting  and  ex- 
citing character.  The  Ship  Canal  —  the 
River  —  the  Islands  —  the  two  villages 
in  sight  on  either  side  of  the  stream,  and 
the  Indians  in  their  birch  canoes,  engaged 
in  taking  white  fish  below  the  Rapids,  are 
all  in  view  at  the  same  time,  presenting 
altogether  a  magnificent  panorama. 

Fort  Brady ^  erected  in  1823,  is  an  old 
and  important  United  States  military 
post,  contiguous  to  this  frontier  village. 
It  commands  the  St.  Mary's  River  at  this 
point  and  approach  to  the  Ship  Canal. 

Early  in  the  present  century  the  Amer- 
ican Fur  Company  established  a  trading 
post  at  the  Saut,  which  was  kept  up  until 
the  year  1848. 

The  mean  annual  temperature  of  Saut 
Ste.  Marie  is  40^°  Fahr. ;  Spring,  37^°; 
Summer,  62°;  Autumn,  43j°;  Winter, 
20°  ;  it  being  situated  near  the  northern 
limit  of  the  temperate  zone.  Immedi- 
ately to  the  north,  in  this  latitude,  the 
country  is  liable  to  killing  frosts  during 
the  summer  months,  owing  to  tlie  cold 
influence  sweeping  down  from  Hudson 
Bay,  some  300  or  400  miles  distant. 

The  Marquette,  Saut  Ste.  Marie,  and 
Mackinac  Railroad,  now  being  surveyed 
and  constructed,  will  connect  the  Saut 
with  both  Mackinac  and  Marquette,  af- 
fording an  opportunity  to  travellers  to 
reach  this  point  at  all  seasons  of  the  year. 

A  railroad  is  also  chartered  by  the 
Canadian  Government  to  construct  a 
road  eastward  to  Toronto,  Montreal,  etc. 

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LAKE  SUPERIOR  GUIDE. 


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8aut  Ste.  Marie,  Algoma  District, 
Canada,  situated  on  the  opposite  side  of 
the  river,  is  a  scattered  settlement,  where 
is  located  an  old  post  of  the  Hudson  Bay 
Company.  Here  is  a  steamboat  landing, 
a  public  house  and  3  or  4  stores,  a  stone 
court-house  and  jail,  3  churches,  and  600 
or  700  inhabitants.  Indians  of  the  Chip- 
pewa tribe  reside  in  the  vicinity  in  con- 
siderable numbers,  they  having  the  right 
to  take  fish  in  the  waters  contiguous  to 
the  Rapids.  They  also  employ  them- 
selves in  running  the  Rapids  in  their 
frail  bark  canoes,  when  desired  by  citi- 
zens or  strangers  —  this  being  one  of  the 
most  exhilarating  enjoyments  for  those 
fond  of  aquatic  sports. 

The  streams  flowing  into  the  St.  Mary's 
River  and  Lake  Superior,  on  the  Canada 
side,  are  favorite  resorts  for  anglers  fond 
of  pursuing  the  brook  trout,  which  are 
here  taken  in  large  quantities  during  the 
summer  months. 

The  country  in  the  rear  of  this  frontier 
settlement  is  settled  for  five  or  six  miles ; 
but  a  few  miles  farther  to  the  north  com- 
mences an  endless  wilderness,  extending 
north  to  within  the  Arctic  circle,  being 
sparsely  inhabited  by  Chippewas  and 
roving  tribes  of  Indians. 

The  primitive  appearance  of  the 
towns  on  the  American  and  Canadian 
banks  of  St.  Mary's  River,  in  connec- 
tion with  their  surroundings,  are  of  the 
most  interesting  character.  The  Ship 
Canal  and  locks  are  the  only  percep- 
tible improvements  made  during  the  past 
century,  while  the  mixed  character  of  the 
population  on  the  South  Shore,  cousistr 


ing  of  Americans,  French,  half-breeds, 
and  Indians,  in  connection  with  their 
English  neighbors  on  the  opposite  side 
of  the  river,  who  are  a  more  aristocratic 
class,  remind  one  of  something  foreign 
to  the  general  appearance  of  American 
villages.  A  steam  ferry  connects  the 
two  settlements. 

Nothing  but  the  projected  railroads 
to  connect  with  Montreal  and  Toronto, 
on  the  Canada  side,  and  the  railroad 
to  be  built  from  this  point  to  Mackinac 
and  Marquette,  on  the  American  side, 
will  wake  up  these  places  from  their 
"  Rip  Van  Winkle  "  slumbers. 

Trout  Fishing  Resorts. — In  the  vi- 
cinity of  the  Saut  Ste.  Marie  are  several 
streams  where  sportsmen  resort  for  the 
purpose  of  taking  speckled  trout.  The 
nearest  points  are  the  Mapids  on  both  sides 
of  St.  Mary's  River,  and  the  small  streams 
between  the  islands  on  the  Canada  side ; 
on  the  American  side.  Crystal  Rapids,  two 
miles  below  the  Saut.  On  St.  Mary's 
River  are  several  projecting  points, 
from  one  to  five  miles  below  the  Saut, 
where  anglers  resort.  Garden  and  Root 
Rivers,  on  the  Canada  side  of  the  river, 
below  the  falls,  are  fine  trout  streams. 

On  the  North  Shore,  Canada  side,  are 
several  fine  trout  fishing  resorts,  from 
fifteen  to  sixty  miles  from  the  Saut, 
where  Indians  or  half-breeds  with  their 
canoes  nave  to  be  employed,  often  camp- 
ing out  for  several  days.  Goulais  Bay 
and  Batcheewanaung  Bay,  from  twenty  to 
forty  miles,  are  the  nearest  points.  On 
the  latter  bay  enters  Batcheewanaung 
River  and  Harmony  River,  both  fine 
trout  streams.  Then  farther  northward, 
some  thirty  or  forty  miles,  are  the  Mon- 
treal River  and  the  Aguawa  River,  both 
celebrated  trout  streams,  where  are  good 
boat  harbors. 


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FORT   BRADY— ST.   MARY'S  SHIP  CANAL. 


11 


Fort  Brady,  Michigan,  ia  situated  on 
the  southern  bank  of  the  SautSte.  Marie, 
in  46°  30^  north  hititude ;  altitude,  600 
feet  above  the  ocean.  Mean  annual 
temperature,  40°  Fahrenheit. 

"The  military  history  of  this  post 
extends  back  to  1750,  at  which  time  the 
French  claimed  jurisdiction  over  all  the 
territory  north  of  the  Ohio,  and  sought 
to  establish  posts  at  the  more  important 
places,  for  the  purpose  of  controlling  the 
lakes,  and  excluding  the  English  as  far 
as  possible  from  obtaining  a  foothold  on 
Lake  Superior,  as  well  as  to  establish  a 
depot  of  supplies  and  afibrd  protection  to 
the  traders. 

"In  1820  the  late  Gen.  Lewis  Cass, 
then  Indian  agent  for  the  North-west  In- 
dians, made  a  trip  around  the  lakes,  visit- 
ing the  shores  of  Lake  Superior,  and 
afterwards  of  Lake  Michigan,  going  as 
far  as  Chicago ;  and  when  he  landed  at 
this  place,  on  his  voyage  up,  the  British 
flag  was  flying  at  the  head  of  the  rapids, 
near  the  termination  of  the  canal.  He 
proceeded  in  person  to  haul  it  down  and 
raise  his  own  in  its  place.  There  were 
nearly  two  thousand  natives  and  French 
residents,  whose  sympathies  were  in- 
tensely Canadian,  and  consequently  this 
act  of  his  so  enraged  them  that  they  were 
on  the  point  of  attacking  him  at  once. 
Through  the  intervention  of  a  few  of  the 
English  half-breeds,  the  Indians  were 
quieted,  and  the  General  allowed  to  go 
in  peace.  On  his  return,  however,  from 
his  voyage  around  Lake  Superior,  Gen. 
Cass  concluded  a  treaty  with  the  Chip- 
pewas,  on  June  20, 1820,  for  the  purchase 
of  sixteen  square  miles  of  land,  with  a 
river  front  extending  from  a  large  rock 
near  the  national  boundary,  above  the 
falls,  to  the  Little  Kapids,  at  the  head  of 
Sugar  Island,  the  Indians  resenmig  the 
right  to  fish  undisturbed.  This  purchase 
constituted  the  original  military  district. 
Its  boundary  was  about  three  and  a  half 
miles  along  the  river,  by  four  and  one- 
third  miles  deep.    This  rock  still  remai  na 


as  one  of  the  leading  peculiarities  on 
Ashman's  Bay,  being  a  large  boulder 
lying  in  shoal  water,  about  twenty  rods 
from  the  siiip  channel,  entering  the  upper 
end  of  the  canal.  In  1822  the  Govern- 
ment of  the  United  States  determined 
upon  its  permanent  occupancy,  and  ac- 
cordingly Gen.  Brady  was  directed  to 
proceed,  in  the  autumn  of  that  year,  to 
this  place,  with  six  companies  of  infantry, 
and  erect  a  stockade  and  buildings. 

"This  post  is  considered  one  of  the 
healthiest  on  the  Upper  Lakes,  yet  Dr. 
McDougall,  in  his  report  in  18o7-o8  to 
the  Surgeon-General,  establishes  beyond 
controversy  that  want  of  attention  to 
sanitary  science  cannot  be  allowed  even 
in  this  northern  region,  excex>t  at  the 
most  imminent  risks." 

Fort  Brady  is  at  the  present  time  ( 1873) 
garrisoned  by  two  companies  of  the  first 
United  States  infantry,  under  the  com- 
mand of  Captain  Kinzie  Bates.  Here  are 
a  park  of  artillery,  officers'  quarters,  hos- 
pital and  barracks,  with  grounds  hand- 
somely situated,  overlooking  the  river 
and  the  opposite  Canadian  shore. 

The  Indians  that  have  resided  in  this 
vicinity  for  the  past  one  or  two  hundred 
years  are  the  Chippewa  tribe,  a  numerous 
body  of  peaceful  Indians,  wliose  habita- 
tions surround  Lake  Huron  on  the  north, 
and  Lake  Superior  on  both  shores,  ex- 
tending westward  to  the  Upper  Missis- 
sippi River. 

St.  Mary's  Ship  Canal.  —  The  enlarge- 
ment of  the  Ship  Canal  by  the  United 
States  Government  commenced  in  1871, 
since  when  an  appropriation  of  $1,000,000 
has  been  granted.  The  capacity  of  the 
new  lock  will  be  80  feet  wide,  500  feet 
long,  affording  18  feet  of  water,  to  be  built 
of  stone,  in  the  most  substantial  manner. 
Lift  of  the  lock  18  feet,  overninning  the 
Rapids  in  St.  Mary's  River.  The  canal 
is  one  mile  and  a  quarter  in  length,  80 
feet  wide  at  bottom,  and  100  feet  wide  on 
water    surface,  accommodating  vessela 


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LAKE  SUPERIOR  GUIDE. 


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of  tlie  largest  size  navigating  the  Upper 
Lakes. 

Improvements  will  have  to  be  made  in 
deepeninjif  St.  Clair  Flats  and  the  Ht. 
Mary's  Kiver  in  order  to  acconiniodate 
vessels  of  a  large  tonnage.  American 
and  Canadian  steamers  and  sail-vessels 
are  almost  constantly  passing  up  and 
clown  through  the  locks  of  the  canal 
during  tlie  season  of  navigation. 

Location  and  General  Description  of  the 
New  Lock.  —  The  axis  of  the  Lock  will 
be  parallel  to  tlie  axis  of  the  present 
Locks,  at  a  distance  of  175  feet ;  the  upper 
lock  gates  to  be  opposite  the  upper  lock 
gates  of  the  present  Locks. 

The  chamber  of  the  Lock  will  be  80 
feet  wide  at  the  coping,  and  450  feet  in 
length  from  quoin  to  quoin.  A  set  of 
guard  gates  will  be  placed  61^  feet  above 
the  upper  lock  gates,  and  the  walls  con- 
tinued 70  feet  above  the  hollow  quoins 
of  the  guard  gates,  including  wing  but- 
tresses of  2  feet.  At  a  distance  of  01|  feet 
below  the  lower  lock  gates,  a  set  of  guard 
gates  will  be  placed,  to  open  down  stream ; 
the  wall  on  each  side  to  extend  70  feet 
below  the  hollow  cpioin,  for  the  guard 
gate,  including  a  wing  buttress  of  2  feet. 

The  Lock  will  have  a  lift  of  18  feet, 
and  a  depth  of  16  feet  of  water  on  the 
mitre  sills  at  the  stage  which  has  been 
assumed  as  that  of  ordinary  low  water. 

Extremes  of  the  water-level  on  Lake  Su- 
perior, from  June  30,  1872,  to  June  30, 
1873,  as  measured  above  the  Locks  at  the 
St.  Mar  if  s  Ship  Canal.  —  Highest  water, 
November  27,  1872,  2^  feet  above  ordi- 
nary high  water;  lowest  water,  April  10, 
1873,  2  feet  below  ordinary  high  water. 
Extreme  variation  42^  feet,  this  being  the 
most  remarkable  variation  on  record. 
The  above  phenomena  was  caused  by  a 
north-west  wind  blowing  over  Lake  Supe- 
rior, and  the  reverse  by  a  south-east 
wind. 


Opening  and  Closing  of  the  Ship 
Canal. 

The  business  of  the  canal  began  on 
the  eleventh  day  of  May  (1872),  and 
continued,  without  interruption,  until  the 
twenty-sixth  day  of  November  of  the 
same  vear,  —  six  and  a  half  months. 

In  1873,  the  first  steamer  passing 
through  locks,  upward  bound,  was  the 
Keweenaw,  May  11th,  followed  by  other 
steamers  and  propellers,  while  the  ice 
remained  in  the  harbors  of  Marquette 
and  Duluth  for  about  one  month  later. 


STATEMENT 

Of  Receipts  for  each  year  from  the  opening 
of  the  Canal,  June  18,  1855,  to  the  close 
of  the  season,  November,  1873. 

Receipts  for  1855,  6  cts.  per 

ton  on  steamers,  etc $4,374  66 

Receipts  for  1856 7,575  78 

"  1857 9,406  74 

"        "  1858 10,848  80 

"        "  1859 16,941  84 

"        "  1860 24,777  82 

"        "   1861 16,672  16 

"        "  1862 21,607  17 

"        "  1863 30,574  44 

"        '<  1864 34,287  31 

Receipts  for  1865,  4^  cts. 

per  ton  on  sail  vessel 22,339  64 

Receipts  for  1866 23,069  54 

"  1867 33,515  54 

"        "  1868 25,977  14 

"        "  1869 31,579  96 

"        "  1870 41,896  43 

Receipts  for  1871,  4^  cts. 

per  ton  on  steamers,  etc.  33,865  45 

Receipts  for  1872 41,232  44 

Receipts  for  1873,  3^  cts. 

per  ton  on  steamers,  etc.  44,943  18 

Total $475,486  04 


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most  fai 

8.  N 
with  Ir 

^  9.  El 
situated 
railroac 

10. 

town  oi 

and  fisii 

U.  J 

mines  a 

12.  C 
where  ii 

13.  C 
Hoe,  ne 

14.  J 
where  a 


Grand  1 
Wood  I 
Train  L 
Middle 
Granite 
Huron  ] 
Travers 

Parisier 
Maple  1 
Sandy  I 
Montrej 
Lizard 
Leach  ] 
Caribou 


PRINCIPAL  PLACES  OF   RESORT. 


13 


Principal  Places  of  Resort  on 

1.  Saut  Ste.  Marie,  with  its  Rapids, 
Ship  Canal,  and  trout  fishing  resorts. 

2.  Goidais  Bay,  on  the  Canada  side. 

3.  Batcheeicanaung  Bay  and  River. 

4.  White  Fish  Point  and  Fishing 
Grounds. 

5.  Pictured  Mocks  —  Chapel,  Cascade, 
Wreck  Cliff,  Grand  Portail  or  Arched 
Rock,  Zebra  Cliff,  Spirit  Cave,  Sail  Rock, 
Miners'  Castle,  etc. 

6.  Or avd  Island  Harbor,  and  Munising, 
with  its  romantic  falls,  etc. 

7.  Marquette,  with  its  surroundings,  the 
most  fashionable  resort  on  the  Lake. 

8.  Negaunee  and  Ishpeming,  together 
with  Iron  Mines  —  reached  by  railroad. 

9.  JEscanaba,  an  iron  port,  favorably 
situated  on  Green  Bay  —  reached  by 
railroad. 

10.  L^Anse,  a  new  and  flourishing 
town  on  Keweenaw  Bay  —  fine  sailing 
and  fishing. 

11.  Houghton  and  Hancock  —  copper 
mines  and  smelting  works. 

12.  Calumet  and  Hecla  Copper  Mine, 
where  is  a  large  settlement. 

13.  Copper  Harbor  and  Lake  Fanny 
Hoe,  near  the  end  of  Keweenaw  Point. 

14.  Eagle  Harbor  and  Eagle  Miver, 
where  are  copper  mines. 


Lake  Superior  and  its  Vicinity. 

15.  Ontonagon  —  copper  and  silver 
mines. 

16.  Bayfield  and  Ashland,  fashionable 
resorts,  where  boating  and  fishing  can  be 
enjoyed. 

17.  La  Pointe  and  the  Apostle  Islands. 

18.  Duluth  and  Superior  City,  together 
with  the  Dalles  of  the  St.  Louis  River. 

NORTH   SHORE. 

19.  Isle  Boycde,  with  its  copper  mines 
and  precious  minerals. 

20.  Pigeon  Biver,  and  romantic  ialls, 
situated  on  the  boundary  line. 

21.  Foi't  William  and  Prince  Arthur's 
Landing,  Canada — silver  mines  and  ame- 
thysts. 

22.  Silver  Islet,  and  Thunder  Cape  — 
silver  region. 

28.  Nepigon  Bay  and  River,  with  ro- 
mantic scenery  and  famous  trout  fishing. 

24.  Island  of  Michipicoten,  with  its  rich 
foliage,  fishing,  etc. 

25.  Michipicoten  Bay  and  River,  with 
grand  scenery  and  good  fishing. 

All  the  above  places  of  the  South  and 
North  Shore  are  well  worthy  of  a  visit. 
They  can  be  reached  by  the  Americim  or 
Canadian  steamers.  Other  points  of  inter- 
est can  be  reached  bv  canoes  or  sail-boats. 


Islands  in   Lake   Superior. 

AMERICAN   SIDE. 


Grand  Island  and  Light. 

Wood  Island. 

Train  Island. 

Middle  Island. 

Granite  Island  and  Light. 

Huron  Islands  and  Light. 

Traverse  Island. 


Parisien  Island. 
Maple  Island. 
Sandy  Islands. 
Montreal  Island. 
Lizard  Islands. 
Leach  Island. 
Caribou  Island* 


Manitou  Island  and  Light.!  Hermit  Island. 


Isle  Roy  ale  and  Light. 

Apostle  Islands. 
Michigan  Island  &  Light. 
Outer  Island  and  Light. 
Madeline  Island. 
Basswood  Island. 

CANADIAN  SIDE. 

Michipicoten  Island. 
Shate  Islands. 
Pic  Island. 
Simpson's  Island. 
Ste.  Ignace  Island. 
Silver  Islet. 
Porphyry  Islands. 


Stockton  Island. 
C>ak  Island. 
Manitou  Island. 
Ironwood  Island. 
Raspberry  Island  &  Light^ 
and  twelve  others. 


Welcome  Islands. 
Islands  in  Thunder  Bay. 
Pie  Island. 
Thompson's  Island. 
Spar  Island. 
Jarvis'  Island. 
Victoria  Island. 


4 


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■fTJT.'f'T^ 


1 T-  •  1  .     r       •• 


•ii .    'y    ■  I  :%\ 


Mj  .  J>), 


STEAMBOAT   EXCURSION  —  South  Shore,  Lake  Superior. 


m 


Saut  Ste.  Marie,  situated  on  St. 
Mary's  River,  or  Strait,  55  miles  above 
Point  de  Tour,  on  Lake  Huron,  and  15 
miles  below  Tonquamenon,  or  White 
Fish  Bay,  is  a  place  of  great  interest  to 
travellers,  and  the  place  of  embarkation 
for  fishing  and  pleasure  parties,  during 
the  Summer  months. 

From  this  point  is  afforded  a  grand 
view  of  the  Rapids  and  Islands  lying  in 
the  river,  while  the  scene  is  usually  en- 
livened by  seeing  Indians  taking  white 
fish  by  means  of  scoop-nets. 

On  leaving  the  Ship  Canal,  on  the  up- 
ward trip,  a  beautiful  stretch  of  the  river 
is  parsed  before  arriving  at  Point  aux 
Pins,  7  miles,  situated  on  the  Canada 
side.  Here  is  a  good  steamboat  landing 
and  a  desirable  place  for  fitting  out  fish- 
ing parties.  Waiska  Bay  is  next  entered, 
being  an  expansion  of  the  river  of  about 
5  miles  in  length  —  Mound  Island  Light 
is  seen  on  the  south. 

Iroquois  Point  and  Jbight,  on  the  Amer- 
ican side,  and  Ores  Cap,  on  the  Canada 
side,  are  next  passed,  15  miles  from  the 
Saut.  The  latter  is  a  bold  promontory, 
rising  500  or  600  feet  above  the  water. 

Tonquamenon,  or  White  Fish  Bay,  is 
now  entered,  presenting  a  wide  expanse 
of  water,  being  about  25  miles  long  and 
as  many  broad,  with  a  depth  of  300  or 
400  feet.  Here  a  scene  of  wonder  is  pre- 
setted to  the  view  from  the  deck  of  the 
steamer  —  Parisien  Island,  attached  to 
Canada,  is  passed  on  the  right,  while  the 
highlands  toward  the  north  rise  to  the 
height  of  800  or  1,000  feet. 

Goulais  Bay  and  BatcheewanaungBay, 
being  famous  resorts  for  trout  fishing,  are 
seen  toward  the  north-east,  and  in  the 
far  distance  can  be  dLscerned  Mamainse 
Point,  where  are  found  copper  ore  and 
other  metals,  being  the  commencement  of 
the  mineral  region. 


White  Fish  Point  and  Light,  40 
miles  from  the  Saut,  is  another  object  of 
great  interest  to  the  mariner. —  Lake 
Superior,  stretching  about  460  miles  in 
a  nortli-west  direction,  with  an  average 
width  of  about  100  miles,  here  presents 
a  grand  appearance  from  the  deck  of  the 
passing  steamer.  It  lies  600  feet  above 
the  sea,  its  greatest  depth  being  900  feet, 
extending  300  feet  below  the  level  of  the 
ocean;  estimated  area,  32,000  square 
miles.  Nearly  two  hundred  creeks  and 
rivers  are  said  to  flow  into  the  lake,  a  few 
of  which  are  navigable  for  steamers  from 
2  to  20  miles.  Its  principal  affluents 
are  the  St.  Louis  River,  Pigeon  River, 
Kaministiquia  River  and  Nepigon  River. 

"  Father  of  Lakes !  thy  waters  bend 
Beyond  the  eagle's  utmost  view, 

When,  throned  in  heaven,  he  sees  thee  send 
Back  to  the  sky  its  world  of  blue. 

"  Boundless  and  deep,  the  forests  weave 
Their  twilight  shade  thy  borders  o'er, 

And  threatening  cliffs,  like  giants,  heave 
Their  r  igged  forms  along  thy  shore." 

On  passing  White  Fish  Point  the 
American  steamers  usually  run  near  the 
South  Shore  of  the  Lake,  having  the  land 
continually  in  sight  along  the  Upper 
Peninsula  of  Michigan,  extending  west- 
ward to  near  the  Apostle  Islands,  a  dis- 
tance of  about  400  miles,  passing  in  their 
course  around  Keweenaw  Point. 

Running  along  the  coast  from  White 
Fish  Point,  westward,  for  about  50  miles, 
the  shore  presents  high  sandy  bluflfs,  with 
no  harbor  or  place  of  refuge  for  the 
mariner,  although  the  mouths  of  Two 
Hearted  and  Sucker  Rivers  are  passed. 

Grand  Marais  Harbor,  45  miles 
west  of  White  Fish  Point,  with  9  fathoms 
within  the  bar,  would  be  rendered  a  se- 
cure and  commodious  harbor  by  the 
construction  of  a  canal,  or  dredging  for 
a  short  distance  inland.    ''The  harbor 

14 


is  abou 
1,000  y 
largest 
length, 
of  the 
sand  be 
is  but  a 
it  more 
water, 
inland. 
The  ent 
eighths 
bar  whi 
feet  of 
very  na 
of  sand 
bottom, 
changes 
stances, 
coast  bu 
be  mad( 
the  lak( 
we  shoi 
from  th( 
will  not 
raentary 
out  of  tl 
tible  om 
emptyin 
of  them 
enough  i 
bor,  whi 
priately 
hold  our 
inside  6 
over  the 
oms  at  ( 
shore.  I 
that  a  st 
her  gan^ 
to  the  la 
In  all 
rior,  the 
mariner 
to  Gran 
the  case 
storms  r 
dous,  an 
freights 


PICTURED  ROCKS. 


15 


i»  about  2  miles  long,  and  is  from  500  to 
1,000  yards  in  width.  The  western  or 
largest  portion  is  a  mile  and  one-half  in 
length,  and  lies  parallel  with  the  shore 
of  the  Lake,  with  only  a  narrow  strip  of 
sand  beach  between.  In  many  cases  this 
is  but  a  few  rods  wide,  and  at  no  point  is 
it  more  than  ten  feet  higher  than  the 
water.  The  eastern  or  further  end  curves 
inland,  and  is  a  full  half  mile  in  width. 
The  entrance  to  the  harbor  is  about  five- 
eighths  of  a  mile  in  width,  and  is  over  a 
bar  where  there  is  from  four  to  eight 
feet  of  water  at  all  times.  This  bar  is 
very  narrow,  is  composed  of  about  6  feet 
of  sand  resting  on  a  clay  and  gravel 
bottom,  and,  to  all  appearance,  never 
changes  in  shape  under  any  circum- 
stances. From  the  formation  of  the 
coast  but  very  little  change  is  likely  to 
be  made  by  the  action  of  the  waters  of 
the  lake,  even  were  cribs  built  out,  and 
we  should  not  anticipate  any  trouble 
from  the  filling  in  of  the  channel.  This 
will  not  certainly  occur  from  any  sedi- 
mentary deposit,  by  reason  of  a  current 
out  of  the  harbor,  there  being  no  percep- 
tible one,  only  two  or  three  small  streams 
emptying  into  the  harbor,  and  the  whole 
of  them  put  together  not  carrying  water 
enough  to  drive  a  single  saw.  The  har- 
bor, which  might  perhaps  more  appro- 
priately be  called  a  small  lake,  will  safely 
hold  our  entire  lake  marine.  The  water 
inside  deepens  very  rapidly,  and  once 
over  the  bar,  vessels  will  lie  in  ten  fath- 
oms at  one-half  their  length  from  the 
shore.  So  bold,  indeed,  are  the  shores, 
that  a  steamer  could  lie  close  enough  for 
her  gang-planks  to  reach  from  her  decks 
to  the  land." 

In  all  the  navigation  on  Lake  Supe- 
rior, there  is  none  more  dreaded  by  the 
mariner  than  that  from  White  Fish  Point 
to  Grand  Island,  and  this  is  especially 
the  case  late  in  the  season,  when  the  fall 
storms  make  navigation  the  most  hazar- 
dous, and  the  heaviest  and  most  valuable 
freights  are  on  transit.    This  coast  is  ex- 


posed to  every  wind  that  blows  from  the 
Lake,  the  sweep  being  of  its  full  width 
and  length,  and  there  is  not  at  present  a 
single  place  where  a  landing  can  be  made, 
or  a  lake  steamer  or  vessel  run  for  safety, 
in  the  whole  distance  of  80  odd  niilos. 
The  entire  coast  is  made  up  eit^'cr  of  the 
towering  cliffs  at  the  western  end,  the 
bleak  hills  of  sand  at  the  Sauble  Banks, 
coming  down  to  the  water's  edge  and 
offering  no  landing,  except  for  a  small 
boat  in  pleasant  weather,  or  the  dull  low 
beach  beyond  —  stretching  away  for 
nearly  50  miles  farther,  with  one  single 
insignificant  creek  —  the  Two  Heart 
River  —  that  a  Mackinac  boat  can  possi- 
bly enter  if  in  smooth  water,  excepting 
always  the  harbor  of  Grand  Marais  — 
to  which  there  is  no  entrance  for  large 
vessels.  This  beach  is  strewed  with 
wrecks  from  the  Pictured  Rocks  to 
Wliite  Fish  Point. 

Point  Sable,  10  miles  farther,  is  ele- 
vated 300  feet  above  the  Lake,  but  affords 
no  harbor  in  its  vicinity,  although  two 
small  streams  enter  from  the  south.  Off 
this  point  soundings  have  been  made, 
showing  a  depth  of  120  fathoms,  or  720 
feet. 

The  Pictured  Rocks,  18  miles  west 
of  Point  Sable,  constitute  one  of  the 
greatest  wonders  of  Lake  Superior,  ex- 
tending along  the  coast  from  the  Chapel 
some  8  or  10  miles  to  Miner's  Castle. 
The  principal  objects  of  attraction  are 
the  Arched  Rock,  or  Gi'and  Portail,  and 
Sail  Bocky  which  can  be  seen  distinctly 
from  the  passing  steamer.  The  former 
is  a  bold  promontory  where  is  an  exca- 
vation, worked  by  the  waves,  extending 
about  200  feet  under  a  bluff,  which  Juts 
out  into  the  waters  of  the  Lake.  The  Pic- 
tured Rocks  can  be  seen  to  the  best  ad- 
vantage, from  a  distance,  when  there  is 
a  favorable  sunlight  effect,  or  by  a  close 
view,  which  is  obtained  by  coasting  along 
the  precipitous  rocks  in  a  small  boat, 
during  calm  weather.  For  upwards  of 
100  miles  the  coast  on  the  South  Shore 


i 


.'V 


'Ay 


m 


16 


LAKE  SUPERIOR  GUIDE. 


present«»  an  almost  unbroken  wilderness. 
Tlie  soil  on  the  summit  of  the  cliffs  is 
tolerably  good,  as  indicated  hy  maple 
trees. 

Miners  River,  at  the  mouth  of  which 
stands  a  bold  promontory  called  Miner's 
Castle,  is  a  beautiful  clear  trout  stream, 
falling  into  the  lake  over  rapids. 

Sand  Point,  10  miles  east  of  the  Pic- 
tured Rocks,  is  at  the  eastern  side  of 
Grand  Island  Harbor,  one  of  the  most 
secure  bodies  of  water  to  be  found  on  the 
South  Shore.  Here  Lake  Superior  has 
its  greatest  width,  it  being  about  150 
miles  to  Nepigon  Bay. 

MuNisiNG,  2  miles  farther,  being  90 
miles  west  of  White  Fish  Point,  is  the 
first  landing  or  settlement  lying  on  the 
South  Shore.  For  tlie  wliole  of  tliis  dis- 
tance the  mariner  is  threatened  willi  ship- 
wreck in  stormy  weather,  which  usually 
occurs  during  the  spring  and  autumn 
months.  At  Munising  is  a  small  settle- 
ment, and  a  good  hotel  for  the  ac(;ommo- 
dation  of  visitors  desirous  of  fishing  and 
visiting  the  Pictured  Rocks. 

The  Schoolcraft  Furnace  is  located  a 
short  distance  west  of  Munising,  where 
is  a  small  stream  entering  the  bay,  on 
which  is  a  fine  fall  of  water. 

Onota,  6  miles  farther,  is  a  new  set- 
tlement, where  is  located  Bay  Furnace. 
This  is  the  county-seat  of  Schoolcraft 
county. 

Grand  Island,  8  miles  long  and  4 
miles  wide,  surrounded  by  bold  shores, 
being  elevated  300  or  400  feet,  is  a  fine 
piece  of  land,  being  for  the  most  part 
heavily  wooded  with  hard  and  soft  wood 
timber.  Its  shores  are  famous  for  its 
fisheries  and  romantic  scenery.  Here  is 
a  small  settlement  on  the  south  end  of  the 
island ;  on  the  north  end  stands  a  light- 
house, erected  on  a  high  point  of  land, 
being  distant  38  miles  east  of  the  Mar- 
quette Light.  "The  cliffs  on  the  north 
bank  are  broken  by  the  waves  into  pic- 
turesque caverns,  pillars,  and  arches  of 
immense  dimensions."  — Bayfield, 


Wood  Island  is  a  small  body  of  land 
lying  a  short  distance  west  of  Grand 
Island. 

Train  Point,  6  miles  west  of  Grand 
Island,  is  a  most  romantic  headland. 
Train  Island,  4  miles  farther,  is  another 
picturesque  body  of  land. 

Laughing  Fish  Point,  16  miles  west  of 
Grand  Island,  is  a  rocky  projection, 
where  may  be  witnessed  fine  scenery. 

Sable  River,  Fish  River,  Chocolate 
River,  and  Carp  River  are  all  small 
streams  flowing  into  the  Lake  between 
Laughing  Fish  Point  and  Marquette. 

Harvey,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Chocolay,  is  a  small  village,  3  miles  east 
of  ]\Iarquette,  where  is  located  a  blast 
furnace. 

On  the  completion  of  the  Marquette^ 
Saut  Ste.  Marie  and  Mackinac  Railroad, 
now  being  constructed,  this  whole  section 
of  country  along  the  South  Shore  will 
be  accessible  to  tourists.  Numerous 
small  streams  will  be  crossed,  abo'  nding 
in  brook  trout. 


Ma 

per  P 
quette 
tageou 
Lake 
W.   lo 


Steamboat  Excursion  from  Mar- 
quette to   Grand  Island, 

A  steamer  runs  from  Marquette  to 
Grand  Island,  Munising,  etc.,  passing 
through  Grand  Island  Harbor,  affording 
a  delightful  steamboat  excursion.  Sev- 
eral islands  are  passed,  and  the  steamer 
runs  to  within  a  few  miles  of  the  far- 
famed  Pictured  Rocks.  A  good  hotel  is 
located  at  Munising,  on  the  main  land, 
opposite  Grand  Island,  where  is  con- 
venient steamboat  landing. 


MARQUCTTE  —  NEGAUNEE. 


i7 


Marq^uette,  the  chief  city  of  the  Up- 
per Peninsula,  the  county-seat  of  JSIar- 
quette  Co.,  and  a  port  of  entry,  is  advan- 
tageously situated  on  the  south  shore  of 
Lake  Superior,  in  N.  latitude  4G°  32^, 
W.  longitude  87°  33',  having  a  mean 
annual  temperature  of  40°  Fahr.  The 
harbor,  formed  by  the  Bay  of  Marquette, 
is  safe  and  commodious,  being  protected 
from  all  but  north-east  winds:  wiien 
blowing  in  that  direction,  vessels  are 
obliged  to  anchor  off  the  shore  for  safety. 
The  United  States  Government  liave 
erected  substantial  piers,  or  breakwaters, 
for  the  further  protection  of  the  numerous 
steamers  and  sailing  vessels  which  fre- 
quent the  harbor,  taking,  annually,  an  im- 
mense amount  of  iron  ore  and  pig  metal  to 
the  eastern  ports  on  Lake  Erie.  A  Liglit- 
house  stands  on  a  point  of  land  imme- 
diately north  of  the  anchorage,  as  a  guide 
for  mariners. 

The  settlement  of  Marquette  was  com- 
menced in  July,  1849;  in  1855,  on  the 
completion  of  the  Ship  Canal  at  the  Saut 
Ste.  Marie,  commenced  tlie  shipment  of 
iron  ore  to  the  Eastern  markets.  In  1859 
it  was  incorporated  as  a  village,  and  as  a 
city  February,  1871,  being  now  governed 
by  a  Mayor,  Recorder,  and  Common 
Council.  It  contains  a  court-house  and 
jail ;  a  public  hall ;  1  Episcopal,  1  Pres- 
byterian, 1  Baptist,  1  Methodist,  and  1 
Boman  Catholic  church ;  a  union  high 
school  and  3  ward  schools ;  several  hotels 
and  taverns — the  North-western  Hotel,  the 
Coles  House  and  Tremont  House — the  for- 
mer favorably  situated,  overlooking  the 
lake.  There  are  also  several  well-kept 
private  boarding-houses,  3  banks,  30  or  40 
stores  and  storehouses,  1  printing-office, 
besides  a  large  foundry,  a  rolling-mill  and 
blast  furnace,  and  machine  shops  and  fac- 
tories of  different  kinds.  Population  in 
1800,1665 ;  in  1870,4000 ;  now,  6000.  Gas- 
works and  water-works  are  in  operation 
—  the  latter  affording  an  abundant  sup- 
l>ly  of  pure  water  taken  from  Lake 
Superior. 

2 


There  are  four  extensive  piers,  ar- 
ranged for  the  transslupniont  ot"  iron  ore 
and  i»ig  metal,  on  wliioli  the  raih'oad 
trains  deliver  :md  receive  a  great  amount 
of  freight.  Here  is  tlie  terminus  of  liie 
Mdrquette,  Hoiii/lttoii  and  Ont<)iia(fon  Rail- 
road,  passing  ah)ng  tlie  soutli  sliore  of 
Lake  Mieingamme,  to  be  extended  west- 
ward to  L'Anse  and  Ontonagon,  and 
connect  witii  the  otlier  railroads  running 
soutii  and  west.  Tiie  Peninxulu  liailroad 
of  Mic.liiiian  also  unites  witli  tiie  al)ove 
road,  extending  to  Escanaba,  on  Green 
Bay,  65  niik's. 

Tills  flourishing  Lake  Citv  is  eloselv 
identilied  with  the  extensive  Iron  Mines 
in  tlie  vicinity,  being  from  \'l  to  30  miles 
distant,  situated  on  an  elevated  ridge, 
some  700  or  800  feet  above  the  waters  of 
Lake  Superior,  being  known  as  the  Iron 
Mountain.  There  are  now  about  fifty 
mines  extensively  and  profitably  worked, 
being  owned  b/  separate  companies — the 
Jackson  Iron  Company,  the  Cleveland 
Iron  Company,  and  the  Lake  Superior 
Company  liaving  separate  do(jks  for  the 
shipment  of  iron  ore. 

The  drives  from  Marquette  to  Harvey, 
4  miles,  running  along  the  heaeh ;  to  Mt. 
Menard,  2\  miles,  and  to  Collinsville  and 
Forrestville,  are  all  worthy  of  attention. 
The  boating  and  sailing  in  the  Bay  of 
Marquette,  and  to  the  islands  and  mouths 
of  several  creeks  or  rivers,  where  good 
trout  fishing  is  to  be  found,  is  a  favorite, 
source  of  amusement. 


Negaunee,  Marquette  County,  Michi-i 
gan,  12  miles  west  of  Marfjuette  and  62 
miles  north  of  Escanaba,  is  situated  on 
the  line  of  the  Marquette,  Honrjhton  and 
Ontonagon  Railroad,  at  its  junction  with 
the  Peninsula  Division  of  the  Chicago  and 
North-western  Railroad.  It  is  in  the 
immediate  vicinity  of  the  Iron  Mountniny 
and  is  a  flourishing  village  of  about 
3500  inhabitants.  Here  are  situated  the 
Jackson  Mine,  the  MeComher  Mine,  the 
Ornnd  Centred,  and  the  Negaunee  Mine; 


^U     i 


i" 


18 


LAKE  SUPERIOR  GUIDE. 


if 


also  the  Pi/meer  Furnacen,  worked  bv  the 
Iron  Clifls  Company,  altogether  giving 

Srotitable  employment  to  several  liun- 
red  workmen. 

The  village  contains  a  town  hall,  2 
railroad  depots,  3  churches,  2  hotels — the 
Ofjden  Hoiiise  and  Jackson  House,  —  4 
banks,  30  or  40  stores,  and  1  steam  saw- 
mill. Thousands  of  strangers  annually 
visit  these  celebrated  mines  within  a 
range  of  25  miles,  now  producing  alto- 
gether upwards  of  1,000,000  tons  of  ore 
yearly,  most  of  which  is  Hhij)ped  from 
Mariiuette,  Escanaba,  and  L'Anse  to 
Eastern  markets. 

There  are  several  Iron  Furnace  Com- 
panies in  the  vicinity  of  the  Mines,  which 
produce  annually  a  large  amount  of  pig 
metal  of  a  superior  quality.  The  amount 
produced  in  1873  was  71,507  tons.  This 
industry  must  rapidly  increase  with  the 
product  of  the  mines. 

Ishpeming,  situated  on  tlie  line  of  the 
Marquette,  Houghton  and  Ontonagon 
Railroad.  Three  miles  west  of  Negaunee 
is  another  flourishing  mining  town,  where 
is  located  the  Cleveland  Mine,  tlie  Lake 
Superior  Mine,  Barnum  Mine,  New 
York  Mine,  New  England  Mine,  Wil- 
liams Mine,  Winthrop  Mine,  and  the 
Pittsburg  and  Lake  Angeline  Mine. 
The  village  contains  a  town  hall,  3 
churches,  2  banks,  a  hotel,  and  20  or  30 
^stores,  besides  a  foundry  and  machine 
shop  and  several  fine  residences.  Popu- 
lation about  5000,  most  of  whom  are  em- 
ployed in  the  diflerent  Iron  Ore  Mines. 

Beyond  Ishpeming,  on  the  line  of  the 
railroad,  are  situated  Winthrop,  3  miles. 
Greenwood,  3  miles,  Clark^irg,  4  miles, 
Humboldt,  1  mile,  and  Chammon,  4  miles, 
before  arriving  at  Lake  Miehigamme,  sit- 
uated 34  miles  west  of  Marquette. 

Champion  Furnace  and  Mine,  32  miles 
from  Marquette.  Here  is  a  mining  settle- 
ment containing  about  2000  inhabitants. 
The  mine  is  located  about  one  mile 
south-west  of  the  furnace,  where  is  a 


large  deposit  of  red  and  black  oxides  of 
iron  ore;  a  part  of  the  ore  is  taken  to  the 
furnace  and  made  into  pig  iron,  the  bal- 
ance being  sent  to  Eastern  markers  via 
Marquette. 


Miehigamme,  Marquette  County,  Mich- 
igan, is  a  new  mining  town  handsomely 
situated  at  the  west  end  of  Lake  Miehi- 
gamme, 38  miles  from  Marquette  and  25 
miles  from  L'Anse,  both  sliipping  ports, 
and  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the 
Miehigamme  iron  range,  where  several 
mines  are  already  opened.  In  June, 
1873,  this  town  was  destroyed  by  fire, 
the  inhabitants  having  to  flee  for  their 
lives,  the  surrounding  woods  being  also 
on  fire.  The  new  town  was  immediately 
rebuilt,  and  upwards  of  one  hundred 
stores  and  dwellings  erected  witliin  a 
few  months,  now  presenting  a  lively  ap- 
pearance. Here  is  a  large  steam  saw- 
mill and  an  iron  furnace  being  erected, 
coi  I  liguous  to  the  Miehigamme  iron  mine. 

Lake  Miehigamme*  is  a  most  beautiful 
sheet  of  water,  studded  with  several 
wooded  islands,  while  the  shore  is  very 
irregular,  presenting  many  points  and 
indentations  of  lively  appearance.  It 
abounds  in  fish  of  various  kinds,  afford- 
ing fine  sport  for  the  angler.  It  is  fed 
by  Miehigamme  River,  the  outlet  flowing 
into  the  Menominee,  which  enters  Green 
Bay.  In  this  vicinity  deer  and  other 
game  abounds.  West  of  the  lake  is  an 
unexplored  wilderness,  heavily  timbered, 
and  where  iron  is  supposed  to  abound. 


♦  Lake  Michiga"Ynme,  called  by  the  Indians 
"  Mashe-ga'me  "  (large  lake).  The  Ojibwas  clas- 
sify lakes  into  three  kinds:  Sa-gor^ga^  small 
lake ;  Mashe-ga-me,  large  lake ;  and  Git-che-ga'- 
me,  great  lake.  This  last  is  applied  to  the  "  Great 
Lakes  "  indiscrimiuately,  and  to  the  ocean. 


ViaJI 

Miiea. 

63 

60 

57 

56 

65 

52  « 
51  ; 
48  J 
44  i 
42  ( 
38  ( 
37  1 
32  ( 
26  J 
24  S 
16  S 
10    S 

7    P 

0    L 

The 
gon  Ba\ 
mences 
by  an  sn 
miles,  w 
sula  JJiv 
western 
strike  tl 
Ishpemi 
at  presei 
from  wh 
are  sent 
boidt,  26 
branch  r 
Republic 
Champic 
37  miles 
stations ; 
Lake  Mii 
onward  b 
mit,  1167 
descends 
the  mile  i 
of  Kewec 


ESCANABA. 


19 


Marquette  to  L'Anse, 

Via  MarquettCy  Houghton^  and  Ontonagon 
Railroad. 

Miles.  Stations.  Miles. 

63  MARQUETTE 0 

60  Bancroft 3 

57  Bruce 3  6 

56  Morgan 1  7 

55  Eagle  Mills 1  8 

52  Carp 3  11 

51  Neoaunee 1  12 

48  ishpeming  3  15 

44  Saginaw 4  18 

42  Greenwood 2  21 

38  Clarksburgh 4  25 

37  Humboldt 1  26 

32  Champion 5  31 

26  MiCHIQAMME 6  37 

24  SpurrMine 2  39 

16  Sturgeon 8  47 

10  Summit 6  53 

7  Palmer 3  56 

0  L'ANSE 7  63 

The  Marquette,  Houghton  and  Ontona- 
gon RaUroady  completed  63  miles,  com- 
mences at  Marquette  and  runs  westward 
by  an  ascending  grade  to  Negaunee,  12 
miles,  where  it  connects  with  the  Penin- 
sula JJivison  of  the  Chicago  and  North- 
western Railroad ;  both  roads  here  first 
strike  the  iron  range  of  Lake  Superior. 
Ishpeming,  3  miles  farther,  is  the  centre, 
at  present,  of  the  iron  mining  interest, 
from  whence  immense  quantities  of  iron 
are  sent  to  Eastern  markets.  At  Hum- 
boldt, 26  miles  from  Marquette,  runs  a 
branch  railroad,  9  miles  in  length,  to  the 
Republican  and  Kloman  iron  mines. 
Champion,  31  miles,  and  Michigamme, 
37  miles  from  Marquette,  are  important 
stations ;  the  latter  situated  on  the  shore  of 
Lake  Michigamme.  The  road  continues 
onward  by  an  ascending  grade  to  the  Sum- 
mit, 1167  feet  above  Lake  Superior,  then 
descends  more  than  one  hundred  feet  to 
the  mile  to  L'Anse,  situated  at  the  head 
of  Keweenaw  Bay. 


Escanaba,  the  oount^-seat  of  Delta 
County,  Michigan,  is  an  important  lake 
port,  favorably  situated  for  the  shipment 
of  iron  ore,  on  Little  Bay  de  Noc,  the 
north-western  arm  of  Green  Bay,  in  lat. 
45°  36'  N.,  long.  87°  06'  W.,  having 
a  mean  annual  temperature  of  41°  Fahr. 
It  is  the  terminus  of  Uie  Peninsula  Divi- 
sion of  the  Chicago  and  North-western 
Railroad,  being  358  miles  north  of  Chi- 
cago, and  74  mil«s  south  of  Manpiette, 
by  railroad.  It  was  first  settled  as  a 
village  in  1863,  and  now  numbers  about 
2000  inhabitants,  and  is  fast  increasing 
in  wealth  and  population.  Here  are  a 
bank,  3  churches,  15  stores,  4  hotels,  and 
a  number  of  line  residences.  It  is  des- 
tined to  become  a  favorite  resort  during 
warm  weather.  The  Tilden  House  is 
handsomely  situated,  facing  the  bay,  with 
pleasure-grounds  attached.  Escanaba  is 
favorably  situated  for  manufacturing 
])urposes,  here  being  already  in  operation 
an  extensive  furnace,  erected  in  1872  at 
a  cost  of  $225,000,  machine  shops,  etc. 
The  Ore  Dock  at  this  place  is  very  large 
and  commodious,  from  whence  is  annu- 
ally shipped  several  hundred  thousand 
tons  of  iron  ore  to  Eastern  and  Southern 
markets.  Steamers  and  sail-vesvsels  run 
between  this  port  and  Chicago  ;  also,  to 
ports  on  the  Lower  Lakes  during  the 
season  of  navigation. 

At  the  entrance  to  Little  Bay  de  Noc 
stands  a  light-house,  where  is  a  large  and 
well-protected  harbor.  Here  usually  may 
be  seen  a  large  number  of  vessels  taking 
in  loads  of  iron  ore  and  pig  metal. 

At  Day's  River  Station,  13  miles  north 
of  Escanaba,  the  railroad  track  crosses  a 
tine  trout  stream.  Here  farming  is  suc- 
cessfully prosecuted,  the  soil  producing 
fine  crops  of  hay,  oats,  rye,  wheat,  pota- 
toes, and  other  garden  vegetables,  the 
first  frost  here  being  in  the  latter  part  of 
September,  and  the  last  in  the  early  part 
of  May.  Strawberries,  raspberries,  whor- 
tleberries, and  cranberries  here  grow  to 
perfection. 


0 


fit 


%\ 


20 


LAKE  SUPERIOR  GUIDE. 


Pleasure  Ezcursion  —  Marquette 
to  Houghton. 

There  are  but  few  if  any  more  pleasant 
or  interesting  trips  than  from  Marquette 
to  Ilougliton  and  return  by  way  of  lake 
and  rail.  A  steamer  of  a  small  class 
leaves  Marquette  every  evening  at  ().30, 
and  afiords  passengers  a  delightful  night 
voyage  to  Houghton.  Her  acconnnoda- 
tions  are  ami)le  for  comfort,  and  her 
officers  very  efficient  in  the  discharge  of 
their  dutie?  The  line  steamers  of  a 
larger  class  also  run  to  and  from  Hough- 
ton and  Man^uette.  A  day  at  Houghton 
and  Hancock,  with  quarters  at  the  Doug- 
lass House,  can  be  spent  in  pleasure  or 
business,  as  circumstances  may  require. 
The  copper  mines  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
towns  are  well  worthy  of  a  visit. 

On  the  return,  the  steamer  Ivanlioe 
can  be  taken  at  8  o'clock  in  the  morning 
from  Houghton,  making  the  trip  —  a 
most  delightful  one  in  all  respects  in 
favorable  weather  —  to  the  bright  and 
promising  town  of  L'Anse,  which  has 
fair  prospects  of  becoming  an  iron  me- 
tropolis of  considerable  importance. 
Here  we  are  transferred  to  the  Marquette, 
Houghton  and  Ontonagon  Railroad,  and 
whirled  across  the  greatest  iron  region  in 
the  world,  passing  Lake  Michigamme 
and  numerous  iron  mines.  Resident 
citizens  should  not  neglect  to  make  this 
trip  as  often  as  they  need  recreation,  and 
the  tourist  will  miss  the  most  interesting 
portion  of  the  Lake  Superior  journey  if 
lie  does  not  include  this  in  his  programme. 


Hotel  Accommodation. 
By  an  increase  of  hotel  accommodation, 
affording  good  fare  at  reasonable  rates, 
this  whole  section  of  country  would  be 
made  a  great  summer  resort.  Here  pure 
air  and  water,  with  an  invigorating  cli- 
mate, can  be  enjoyed  by  the  invalid  and 
seeker  of  pleasure. 


Stannard's  Rock. 

This  dangerous  rock,  or  reef,  lies  east 
of  the  track  between  Maniuette  and  Ke- 
weenaw Point,  distant  30  miles  east- 
south-east,  and  in  a  calm  time  was  in- 
visible. Recently  the  United  States 
Government  have  lo(;ated  thereon  a 
beacon  33  feet  above  water.  It  has  a 
base  of  cut  stone  9  feet  in  diameter  and 
8  feet  high,  surmoimted  by  a  wrought- 
iron  shaft,  with  a  ball  and  cage  on  the 
top  painted  red.  To  the  northward  and 
westward  r>f  the  beacon  a  rocky  reef  ex- 
tends 30  by  320  yards  —  least  water,  2 
feet.  One  thousand  and  four  hundred 
feet  west  of  the  beacon  are  two  detached 
rocks  with  8  feet  of  water.  The  sound- 
ings in  proximity  to  the  beacon  and  reef 
are  from  S^  to  10  fathoms.  Bottom, 
rock  and  gravel.  Vessels  should  not 
approach  the  beacon  to  the  northward 
nearer  than  three-fourths  of  a  mile. 


Marquette  to  Portage  Entry. 

On  leaving  Marquette  for  Portage 
Entry  or  Keweenaw  Point,  both  distant 
70  miles;  the  steamer  runs  north  to 
Granite  Island,  12  miles;  from  thence 
N.  by  W.  58  miles  to  Keweenaw  Point. 
If  steering  for  Portage  Entry,  N.W.  by 
W.,  13  miles  from  Granite  Island  to  Big 
Bay  Point.  Big  Bay,  Salmon  Trout 
River,  and  the  Huron  Mountains  lie  to 
the  west ;  the  headlands  and  the  moun- 
tain scenery  here  present  a  line  appear- 
ance. Huron  Islands  and  Light  are  22 
miles  farther,  running  N.W.  by  W. 
This  is  a  rocky  group  of  islands  and  dan- 
gerous to  navigation.  Huron  Bay  and 
Point  Abbaye  are  passed  on  the  south- 
west ;  the  steamer  running  23  miles  west 
to  Portage  Entry ;  to  Houghton,  14  miles 
farther. 

On  the  south  lies  Keweenaw  Bay,  a  fine 
expanse  of  water,  extending  20  miles  to 
its  head,  where  is  a  new  and  thriving 
settlement.  Here  is  also  a  Methodist  and 
Roman  Catholic  Mission  on  the  opposite 
sides  of  the  bay. 


HURON   BAY  — HOUGHTON. 


21 


g 
d 


Huron  Bay,  lyinp^  east  of  Kewocnaw 
Bay,  and  Routh-west  of  Huron  Islands,  in 
land-locked,  aflbrding  a  most  secure  har- 
bor, being  14  miles  long  and  a  good  deplii 
of  water.  In  tliis  bay  is  situated  the  new 
town  of  Fairhavcn,  being  the  outport  for 
the  Huron  Bay  Slate  Quarries,  located 
4^  miles  from  the  bay,  in  Township  51, 
Range  31.  A  tram  railway  is  being  con- 
structed to  extend  from  the  mines  to  the 
steamboat  landing.  The  soil  on  the  shore 
of  Huron  Ba^is  a  sandy  loam,  very  deep, 
warm,  and  rich,  producing  good  crops. 

Arvon,  Houghton  County,  Michigan, 
ia  a  new  location,  where  is  found  slate 
of  a  good  quality,  and  iron  ore.  It  is 
situated  on  Dashing  River,  which  empties 
into  Huron  Bay,  Lake  Superior.  In  this 
vicinity  is  a  slate  belt  hundreds  of  feet  in 
width,  and  is  considered  inexhaustible. 
This  slate  and  iron  will  be  shipped  from 
Huron  Bay,  the  present  season,  to  East- 
ern and  Southern  markets. 


L'Anse,  Houghton  County,  Mich., 
is  a  new  town  favorably  situated  at  the 
head  of  Keweenaw  Bay,  where  is  a  long 
pier  and  steamboat  landing,  also  a  com- 
modious ore  dock  for  the  shipment  of 
iron  ore.  It  is  surrounded  by  picturesque 
scenery,  overlooking  the  Bay  of  L'Anse 
and  adjoining  shores.  The  harbor  is  one 
of  the  finest  on  the  whole  chain  of  lakes, 
being  perfectly  protected  and  secure  in 
all  weather.  The  water  power  of  Fall 
River,  here  emptying  into  the  bay,  is 
ample  to  drive  a  large  amount  of  ma- 
chinery, being  suitable  for  blast  furnaces 
and  mills  of  every  kind.  Large  deposits 
of  iron  ore  are  found  within  eight  or  ten 
miles,  while  a  few  miles  southward  is 
located  the  Spurr  Mountain  and  Michi- 
gamme  Iron  Mine,  producing  magnetic 
ore  of  a  high  standard.  At  L'Anse  are 
two  churches,  a  public  school-house,  a 
bank,  two  hotels,  and  one  of  a  large  class 
in  the  course  of  construction,  a  blast  fur- 
nace, a  public  warehouse,  fifteen  stores,  a 
brewery,  a  saw-mill,  and  machine-shops. 


The  Marquette,  Houghton  and  Ontonor 
gon  Railrodd,  iV<\  miles  in  length,  termi- 
nates at  L'Anse,  forming,  in  part,  a 
through  line  of  travel  to  Green  Bay  and 
Chiciigo.  Steamers  of  a  large  class  run 
to  this  place  from  ports  below ;  and  a 
steamer  nnis  daily  to  and  from  Hough- 
ton, 3U  miles,  forming,  with  the  railroad, 
a  through  line  of  travel  to  Manpiette. 

A  Methodist  and  lioman  OUhnlic  Mis- 
sion House  are  both  situated  about  four 
miles  north  of  L'Anse,  on  opposite  sides 
of  the  bay,  where  are  Indian  settlements 
numbering  several  hundred  souls. 

On  Fall  River,  and  at  the  head  of 
L'Anse  Bav,  is  good  trout  fishing;  the 
latter  can  be  approached  by  row-boats, 
starting  from  the  landing  at  L'Anse. 


Portage  River  and  Lake  are  navigable 
for  steamers  of  a  large  class,  by  means 
of  an  artificial  chaimel  running  through 
to  the  lake  for  about  7  miles.  The  lake 
is  next  entered,  and  soon  Houghton  and 
Hancock  come  into  view,  being  distant 
14  miles  from  Lake  Superior,  by  the  cir- 
cuitous channel.  Here  are  extensive 
cop[)er  mines,  which  are  profitably  work- 
ed by  a  number  ot  mining  companies. 


Houghton,  Michigan,  the  county-seat 
of  Houghton  County,  and  a  port  of  entry, 
is  situated  on  the  south  side  of  Portage 
Lake,  14  miles  above  Portage  Entry,  and 
10  miles  from  Lake  Superior,  l^ing  on 
the  nortli-west.  By  means  of  a  river  im- 
provement and  ship  canal,  steamers  can 
rim  through  Portage  Lake  into  Lake 
Superior  on  both  sides  of  Keweenaw 
Point  —  thus  forming  one  of  the  most 
capacious  and  secure  harbors  of  the  Up- 
per Lakes,  it  being  land-locked  and 
protected  by  high  hills  on  both  sides. 
The  settlement  of  Houghton  was  com- 
menced in  1854,  and  incorporated  as  a 
village  in  1861.  It  now  contains  a  court- 
house and  jail ;  1  Episcopal,  1  Methodist, 
oud  1  Roman  Catholic  cliurch ;  1  bank ; 


04 

4  4 


0^ 


w 


4i' 


4*\ 

3:; 

1 


M 


2d 


LAKE  BUPERIOR  GUIDE. 


ii'i 


l|». 


'i 


4  public  houses,  the  Dougfas  Home  and 
tlic  BiiUcrJidd  Iloune  being  the  most  fre- 
quojitcd  hy  visitors;  12  or  15  stores  and 
several  extensive  warehouses ;  Houghton 
Chopper  Works  or  Koliing  Mill,  capital 
$*J')(),000;  2  large  stami>-nnlls,  using 
Kteani  power;  2  steam  saw-mills;  2 
breweries,  and  several  other  manufac- 
turing establishments.  The  population 
of  the  town  is  estimated  at  2000.  This 
flourishing  mining  town,  lying  on  a  side- 
hill  rising  .'JOO  or  400  feet,  is  identified 
with  the  copper  mines  in  its  immediate 
vicinity.  There  are  several  mines  worked 
to  a  large  extent,  besides  others  of  less 
note,  which  will,  no  doubt,  soon  be  ren- 
dered productive.  The  mineral  range 
of  Keweenaw  Point,  some  4  to  6  miles 
in  width,  extends  through  all  this  section 
of  country,  being  as  yet  only  partially 
explored.  The  isle  Royal,  Huron,  Por- 
tage, Atlantic,  Sheldon,  and  Columbian 
are  the  principal  mines  worked  ou  the 
south  side  of  the  laivC. 

Portage  Lake  is  an  irregular  body 
of  water,  about  twenty  miles  in  length, 
extending  nearly  across  Keweenaw  Point 
to  within  two  miles  of  Lake  Superior. 
Steamers  and  sail- vessels  drawing  12  feet 
can  pass  through  Portage  Entry,  and 
navigate  the  lake  with  safety.  This 
body  of  water  was  an  old  and  favorite 
thoroughfare  for  the  Indians,  and  the 
Jesuit  Fathers  who  first  discovered  and 
explored  this  section  of  the  country.  A 
canal  of  two  miles  in  lengtli  would  render 
tins  portage  route  navigable  for  steamers 
and  sail-vessels  navigating  Lake  Supe- 
rior, thereby  reducing  the  distance  over 
100  miles.  During  the  winter  months 
the  atmosphere  is  very  clear  and  trans- 
parent in  the  vicinity  of  Houghton,  and 
all  through  Keweenaw  Point;  objects 
can  be  seen  at  a  great  distance  on  a  clear 
day,  while  sounds  are  conveyed  distinctly 
through  the  atmosphere,  presenting  a 
phenomenon  peculiar  to  all  northern 
latitudes.  This  is  the  season  of  health 
and  pleasure  to  the  permanent  residents. 


Hanoook,  Houghton  County,  Michigan, 
is  situated  on  the  north  side  of  Portage 
Lake,  opposite  to  the  village  of  Hough- 
ton, with  which  it  is  connected  by  a 
steam  ferry.  The  town  was  first  laid  out 
in  1858,  and  now  contains  about  2000  in- 
habitants, including  the  mining  popula- 
tion on  the  north  side  of  the  lake,  its 
sudden  rise  and  prosperity  being  identi- 
fied with  the  rich  depositof  native  copper, 
in  which  this  section  of  country  abounds. 
The  site  of  the  village  is  on  a  side-hill 
rising  from  the  lake  level  to  a  height  of 
about  500  feet,  where  the  opening  to  the 
mines  is  situated.  Here  is  1  Congrega- 
tional, 1  Methodist,  and  1  Roman  Cath- 
olic church  ;  2  banks ;  2  public  houses ; 
the  Sumner  Mine  and  stamping-mill ;  a 
number  of  stores  and  warehouses;  1 
steam  saw-mill,  1  barrel  factory,  1  foun- 
dry and  machine-shop,  and  other  manu- 
facturing establishments.  In  the  vicinity 
are  4  extensive  steam  stamping-mills, 
worked  by  the  different  mining  compa- 
nies— the  Quincy,Pewabic  and  Franklin. 

The  Portage  Lake  Smelting  Works  is 
an  incorporate{l  company,  turning  out 
aimually  a  large  amount  of  pure  mer- 
chantable copper.  The  business  of  the 
company  consists  of  fusing  and  convert- 
ing the  mineral  into  refined  metal  or 
ingots,  for  manufacturing  purposes. 

Mineral  Range  Railroad,  11  miles  in 
length,  is  finished  to  Calumet. 

The  Portage  Lake  and  River  Improve- 
ment Company  was  chartered  in  1861,  for 
the  improvement  of  Portage  River,  en- 
tering Keweenaw  Bay,  14  miles  below 
Houghton.  An  entrance  was  cut  from 
the  bay  into  the  river,  14,000  feet  long, 
100  feet  wide,  and  12  feet  deep,  and  a 
pier  built  out  into  the  bay  on  the  east 
side  of  the  channel  entrance.  The  chan- 
nel of  the  river  was  also  dredged  so  as  to 
give  a  depth  of  11  feet  into  Portage  Lake, 
thus  enabling  the  largest  class  of  lake 
steamers  to  land  at  the  wharves  in 
Houghton  and  Hancock. 


STEAMBOAT  EXCURSIONS, 


Portage  and  Lake  Superior  Ship  Canal. 
—  This  importsmt  work  was  commenced 
in  18()8  and  finished  in  187.%  at  a  cost 
of  about  $2,500,000.  Its  length  is  2] 
miles,  with  piers  (K)0  feet  in  length,  ex- 
tending out  into  Lalce  Superior  on  the 
nortli,  aflording  a  safe  entrance  for  down- 
ward hound  vessels.  The  canal  is  100 
feet  wide,  15  feet  deep,  with  l)anks  rising 
from  20  to  35  feet  above  tiie  water.  At 
its  southern  entrance  into  Portage  Lake, 
8  miles  above  llougliton,  it  runs  through 
a  low  marshy  piece  of  ground,  then 
enters  the  lake  about  half  a  mile  wide. 
Below  Houghton  it  connects  with  the 
Portage  Lake  and  River  Improvement, 
14  miles  in  length,  making  the  distance 
across  from  lake  to  lake,  24  miles. 


Steamboat  Excursions.  —  By  means  of 
the  Ship  Canal  connecting  Portage  Lake 
with  Lake  Superior,  1 0  miles  north-west 
of  Houghton,  and  the  Portage  Lake  and 
River  Improvement,  running  14  miles  east 
of  Houghton,  is  afibrded  most  delightful 
steamboat  excursions  during  the  summer 
months. 

On  the  upward  trip  the  steamers  run 
through  the  Lake,  about  half  a  mile  in 
width,  and  then  enter  the  Ship  Canal, 
2}  miles  in  length,  passing  on  to  the 
broad  waters  of  Lake  Superior,  where  is 
presented  a  wide  expanse  of  pure  waters 
and  billowy  waves. 

On  the  downward  trip,  bound  for 
L'Anse  or  Marquette,  the  steamer  runs 
east  for  a  few  miles,  and  then  enters  an 
expanse  known  as  Dollar  Bay  —  then 
enters  the  wide  waters  of  Portage  Lake, 
by  some  called  Boot-Jack  Lake,  from  its 
peculiar  shape,  resembling  a  human  leg 
and  foot,  where  enters  the  outlet  of  Torch 
Lake,  a  romantic  sheet  of  water.  Pass- 
ing downward  through  Portage  River,  a 
winding  stream,  you  soon  pass  Edgerton's 
Landing,  and  enter  Keweenaw  Bay  or 
Lake  Superior.  Here  is  a  long  pier,  a 
beacon  light,  and  light-house.  Proceed- 
ing southward,  a  beautiful  expanse  of 


water  is  passed  over  before  arriving  at 
L'Anse,  a  new  and  flourishing  town, 
situated  at  the  head  of  the  bav,  where  is 
a  well-kept  Hotel.  Hito  is  found  gvMxl 
fishing  and  boating,  aflording  fine  sport 
for  anglers  and  pleasure  seekers. 

Calumet,  Houghton  co.,  is  an  impor- 
tant copper  mining  settlement,  situated 
12  miles  north-east  of  Hancock,  contain- 
ing a  population  of  about  3,0^0  inhabi- 
tants. Iiere  is  located  the  Calumet  and 
Hecla  Mine,  one  of  the  most  productive 
copper  mines  in  the  world.  in  the 
vicinity  are  situated  the  Allouez,  Kear- 
sarge,  an<l  Schoolcraft  Mines. 

The  Houghton  Mining  Gazette  says: 
"The  history  of  co^jper  mining  in  the 
new  and  old  world  fails  to  record  any- 
thing ajjproaching  a  similar  richness  to 
that  of  the  Calumet  and  Ilecla  Mine  of 
Houghton  comity,  Lake  Superior,  and, 
in  its  progressive  developments  under 
ground,  one  is  confined  to  the  ejacula- 
tion, *  wonderful ! '  The  total  mineral 
product  of  the  Calumet  and  Hecla  Mine 
for  the  year  1873  foots  up  the  enormous 
figure  of  1 1,551  tons."  Other  Copper 
Mines  of  nearly  equal  value  are  located 
on  the  Mineral  Range,  extending  from 
Portage  Lake  to  Copper  Harbor. 

The  Mineral  Bwige  liailroad  runs 
through  Calumet  from  Hancock,  toward 
the  extreme  end  of  Keweenaw  Point. 
A  railroad  also  runs  to  the  company's 
Stamp  ^lills,  located  on  Torch  Lake, 
from  whence  large  amounts  of  copper 
ore  are  annually  shipped. 

On  resuming  the  outward  trip  for 
Keweenaw  Point  and  Copper  Harbor, 
the  former  50  miles  distant,  the  steamer 
runs  north-east  50  miles  to  Manitou 
Island  Light.  This  stretch  presents  a 
fine  view  of  Mount  Bohemia  and  Mount 
Houghton,  as  well  as  the  head-lands 
along  the  coast. 

Bete  Grise  Bay  and  Lac  la  Bells 
are  beautiful  bodies  of  water,  the  latter 


94 


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24 


LAKE  SUPERIOR  GUIDE. 


being  connected  with  the  bay  by  means 
of  a  canal.  In  the  vicinity  of  tlie  lake 
are  veins  of  copper  ore  of  a  rich  quality. 
This  place  f*hould  be  improved,  and 
made  a  resort  for  seekers  of  health  and 
pleasure.  It  is  in  the  immediate  vicinity 
of  Mount  Houghton,  and  of  several  line 
trout  streams. 

Keweenaw  Point  is  a  bold  projec- 
tion jutting  out  into  Lake  Superior,  and 
one  of  the  most  remarkable  features  of 
this  Inland  Sea.  It  may  be  said  to  ex- 
tend 60  miles  from  S.W.  to  N.E.,  with 
an  average  width  of  15  miles.  For  this 
distance,  and  beyond,  the  region  is  cele- 
brated for  rich  copjier  mines,  producing 
yearly  large  quantities  of  copper,  which 
is  shipped  to  eastern  markets. 

Manitou  Island,  situated  in  47°  25'' 
N.  hit.,  is  a  desolate  island,  on  which  is 
located  a  light-house  to  guide  the  mariner 
approacliing  Keweenaw  Point.  Gull 
Kock  is  an  Islet  lying  between  Manitou 
Island  and  Keweenaw  Point,  on  which 
is  situated  a  light-house;  the  steamers 
usually  running  between  this  light  and 
the  main  land. 


Copper  Harbor,  Mich.,  is  situated  near 
the  extreme  end  of  Keweenaw  Point, 
in  N.  lat.  47°  30^  W.  long.  80°  ;  the 
harbor,  although  somewhat  difficult  to 
enter,  is  one  of  the  besi  on  Lake  Su- 
perior, being  distant  250  miles  from 
Saut  Ste.  Marie,  and  about  the  same  dis- 
tance from  Duluth,  lying  on  the  direct 
route  from  Marquette  to  Isle  Royale 
and  Silver  Islet.  The  village  contains 
about  200  inhabitants,  a  church,  a  public 
liouse,  and  two  or  three  stores,  and  the 
Clarke  Copper  Mine.  This  harbor  is 
destined  to  rise  in  importance  as  the 
commerce  of  the  Lakes  increase. 

Fort  Wilkins,  formerly  a  United  States 
Military  Post,  is  situated  a  short  distance 
from  the  steamboat  landing,  where  is  a 
beautiful  Lake  called  Fanny  Hoe,  In 
the  vicinity  are  copper  mines,  which 
have  been  extensivelv  worked,  and  are 


well  worthy  of  a  visit.  Steamers  often 
run  direct  from  this  port  to  Silver  Islet, 
on  the  North  shore,  75  miles  distant. 

The  course  pursued  in  nuining  from 
Copper  Harbor  to  Ontonagon,  85  miles, 
is  about  S.W.  by  W.,  passing  Agate 
Harbor,  Eagle  Harbor,  Eagle  River,  and 
the  north  entrance  to  Portage  Lake, 
where  a  Ship  Canal  is  constructed.  This 
part  of  the  trip  around  the  South  Shore 
is  uninteresting,  so  far  as  scenery  is  con- 
cerned. The  ground  rises  to  a  moderate 
height,  presenting  no  object  of  interest 
for  a  number  of  miles. 


Eagle  Harbor,  16  miles  west  of  Copper 
Harbor,  is  a  secure  steamboat  landing, 
with  a  light-house  at  its  entrance.  In 
the  village  are  2  churches,  a  hotel,  several 
stores  and  store-houses,  and  about  500 
inhabitants.  The  town  was  first  settled 
in  1845«  This  is  the  shipping-port  for 
several  copper  mines  in  the  immediate 
vicinity  ;  the  Amygdaloid,  Central,  Cop- 
per Falls,  Delaware,  Pennsylvania,  and 
Petheric  mines. 


Eagle  River,  10  miles  farther  west, 
is  the  county  town  for  Keweenaw  county, 
situated  at  the  mouth  of  a  stream  of  the 
same  name,  where  is  a  small  harbor. 
Here  is  a  court-house  and  jail,  a  church, 
a  hotel,  4  stores,  and  several  store-houses. 
It  is  the  outlet  for  several  rich  copper 
mines,  producing  mass  and  stamped  cop- 
per. The  celebrated  Cliff  mine,  the 
Phoenix,  the  North  American,  the  St. 
Clair,  and  the  Eagle  River  mine,  are  the 
principal  mines  in  operation.  The 
Mineral  Ranf/e  Railroad,  running  from 
Hancock,  when  completed,  will  extend 
to  this  place.  The  mouth  of  the  Lake 
Superior  Ship  Canal  is  passed  about  20 
miles  south-west  of  Eagle  River,  where 
is  a  small  settlement. 

On  the  north  side  of  Keweenaw  Point, 
in  the  distance,  are  seen  the  high  lands 
which  form  the  rich  co]iper  range  of  this 
region,  extending  S.W.  for  about  80  miles. 


' 


ONTONAGON  — LA  POINTE. 


26 


Ontonagon,  Ontonngon  CO.,  Mich., 
3oG  miles  from  the  Saut  8te.  Marie,  is 
sitnated  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  of  the 
same  name.  The  river  is  about  200  feet 
wide  at  itsmoutli,  witli  a  suftieient  deptii 
of  water  over  tiie  bar  for  steamers.  The 
village  contains  3  churches,  a  good  hotel, 
smelting  works,  2  steam  tanneries,  1 
grist-mill,  2  steam  saw-mills,  and  10  or 
12  stores  and  store-houses,  and  800  in- 
habitants. 

In  this  vicinity  are  located  the  Minne- 
sota, the  National,  tlie  Kockland,  and 
several  other  productive  copper  mines. 
The  ore  is  found  from  12  to  15  miles 
from  the  landing,  being  imbedded  in  a 
range  of  high  hills  traversing  Keweenaw 
Point  from  N.E.  to  8.W.  tor  about  100 
miles.  Silver  is  here  found  in  small 
quantities,  intermixed  with  the  copper 
ore,  which  abounds  in  great  masses. 

The  Silver  Mines,  situated  on  Iron 
River,  12  or  15  miles  west  of  Ontonagon, 
are  attracting  great  attention. 

A  good  plank  road  runs  from  Ontona- 
gon to  near  the  Adventure  Mine,  and 
other  mines,  some  12  or  14  miles  distant, 
where  commences  the  copper  range  of 
hills. 

The  Marquette,  Houghton  and  Oiiton- 
agon  Railroad,  and  the  Oshko>ih  and  Onion- 
agon  Railroad,  are  both  in  progress  of 
construction,  and  when  completed  will 
alFord  great  focilities  to  this  section  of 
country.  The  distance  from  Ontonagon 
to  Isle  Royale,  c^ttached  to  Michigan,  is 
60  miles,  and  to  the  moutri  of  Pigeon 
River,  Minn.,  is  about  70  miles. 


Rockland,  Ontonagon  county,  situated 
13  miles  south-east  of  Ontonagon,  is  a 
flourishing  mining  village.  In  the 
vicinity  are  located  the  Minnesota, 
National,  Rockland,  and  Superior  Cop- 
per Mines.  The  Minnesota  Mine  was 
formerly  the  most  productive  mine  on 
Lake  Superior,  producing  large  quanti- 
ties of  mass  copper,  but  is  now  eclipsed 
by  the  Calumet  and  Hecla. 


The  Porcupine  Mountain,  lying  20 
miles  west  of  Oiuonagon.  is  a  l»old  head- 
land that  can  distinctly  be  seen  at  Ji  gival 
distance,  rising  some  1,300  feet  above  the 
lake  surface. 

Michigan  Inland  and  Light,  Iving  60 
miles  west  of  Ontonagon,  is  the  next  ob- 
ject of  interest.  This  is  the  easternmost 
of  the  group  of  islands  known  as  the 
Apostle  Islands;  they  consist  of  some 
20  islands  of  ditt'en'nt  sizes,  most  of  which 
are  uninhabited,  being  for  the  most  i)art 
clothed  with  forest  trees  of  a  small 
growtii.  Madeline  Island,  the  largest  of 
the  group,  is  in  part  cidtivated.  These 
islands  are  all  attached  to  Ashland 
countv,  Wisconsin. 

The  names  of  the  Islands,  as  desig- 
nated on  the  (iovernment  chart,  are  as 
follows:  Michigan  (Light),  Madeline, 
Basswood,  Hermit,  Stockton,  Oak,  Man- 
itou.  Outer  (Light),  Cat,  Iron  wood. 
South  Twin,  North  Twin,  Otter,  Rocky, 
Bear,  Devil,  Raspberry  (Light),  York, 
Sand,  Eagle,  and  Steamboat.  Oood  an- 
chorage and  j)rotection  from  all  winds 
can  l)e  foimd  anywhere  within  the  Apos- 
tle Islands,  with  a  depth  of  water  from 
six  to  twenty  fathoms. 

Chaquamegnn  Bag  and  Point,  situated 
south  of  Madeline  Island,  form  a  capa- 
cious harbor,  at  the  head  of  which  is  sit- 
uated the  town  of  Ashland. 


La  Pointe,  78  miles  west  of  Ontonagon, 
situated  on  the  south  end  of  Madeline 
Island,  the  largest  of  the  Apostle  Islands, 
is  one  of  the  oldest  settlements  on  Lake 
Superior ;  it  was  first  peopled  by  the 
French  Jesuits  and  traders  in  1680, 
being  420  miles  west  of  the  Saut  Ste. 
Marie,  which  was  settled  about  the  same 
time.  The  mainland  and  islands  in  this 
vicinity  have  been  for  many  ages  the 
favorite  abode  of  the  American  Indian, 
now  lingering  and  fading  away  as  the 
country  is  being  opened  and  settled  by 
the  white  race. 


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26 


LAKE  SUPERIOR  GUIDE. 


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The  village  now  contains  200  inhab- 
itants, most  of  whom  are  half-breeds  and 
French.  Here  is  an  old  Roman  Catholic 
church,  and  a  Methodist  church ;  2  hotels, 
2  stores,  and  several  coopering  establish- 
ments for  the  making  of  fish  barrels. 
The  harbor  and  steamboat  landing  are 
on  the  south  end  of  the  island,  where 
may  usually  be  seen  fishing-boats  and 
otiier  craft  navigating  this  part  of  Lake 
Superior. 

Wheat,  rye,  barley,  oats,  peas,  pota- 
toes, and  other  vegetables  are  raised  on 
the  island.  Apples,  cherries,  gooseber- 
ries and  currants  are  raised  in  the  gar- 
dens at  La  Pointe.  The  wild  fruits  are 
phims,  cranberries,  strawberries,  red 
raspberries,  and  whortleberries.  The 
principal  forest-trees  on  the  island  are 
maple,  pine,  hemlock,  birch,  poplar  and 
cedar. 


Bayfield,  capital  of  Bayfield  Co., 
Wis.,  is  favorablv  situated  on  the  south- 
em  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  80  miles  east 
of  its  western  terminus,  and  3  miles  west 
of  La  Pointe,  being  80  miles  west  of  On- 
tonagon. The  harbor  is  secure  and  ca- 
j)acious,  being  protected  by  the  Apostle 
Islands,  lying  to  the  north-east.  The 
town  plot  rises  from  60  to  80  feet  above 
the  waters  of  the  lake,  affording  a  splendid 
view  of  the  bay,  the  adjacent  islands  and 
headlands.  Its  commercial  advantages 
are  surpassed  by  no  other  poin .  on  Lake 
Superior,  being  on  the  direct  route  to  St. 
Paul,  Minn.,  and  the  Upper  Mississippi. 
Here  are  situated  a  Presbvterian,  a 
Methodist,  and  a  Roman  Catholic  church, 
2  hotels,  4  stores,  2  warehouses,  1  steam 
saw-mill,  and  several  mechanics'  shops. 
Population  in  1870,  400. 

La  Potnte  Bay,  on  the  west  side  of 
which  is  situated  the  port  of  Bayfield,  is 
a  large  and  safe  body  of  water,  being 
protected  from  winds  blowing  from  every 
point  of  the  compass.  The  shores  of  the 
islands  and  mainland  are  bold,  while  the 


harbor  affords  good  anchorage  for  the 
whole  fleet  of  the  lakes. 

The  Indian  Agency  for  the  Chippewa 
tribe  of  Indians  residing  on  the  borders 
of  Lake  Superior,  have  their  headquar- 
ters at  Bayfield. 

Ashland,  Ashland  Co.,  Wisconsin,  is 
most  favorably  situated  at  the  head  of 
Cha-qua-me-gon  Bay,  18  miles  south  of 
Bayfield  and  70  miles  east  of  Superior 
City,  by  proposed  railroad  route.  The 
town  is  located  on  a  level  table-land, 
elevated  about  thirty  feet  above  the 
waters  of  the  bay,  having  a  depth  of  12 
or  15  feet.  It  is  regularly  laid  out  on 
streets  running  parallel  to  the  water's 
edge  for  a  distance  of  two  miles,  and 
presents  ii  fine  appearance.  Here  are 
erected  three  docks  or  steamboat  land- 
ings and  a  long  railroad  dock,  4  ware- 
houses, 16  stores,  2  churches,  6  hotels  or 
taverns,  2  steam  saw-mills,  1  sash,  door 
and  blind  factory,  and  1  printing-office 
and  weekly  paper,  the  Ashland  Press,  The 
village  contains  about  1,000  inhabitants. 
A  small  steamer  runs  daily  between 
Ashland,  La  Pointe  and  Bayfield,  while 
larger  steamers  stop  on  their  upward 
and  downward  passage  from  Dululh, 
Minn.  The  harbor  is  one  of  the  largest 
and  safest  on  Lake  Superior. 

The  Wisconsin  Central  Railroad  termi- 
nates at  Ashland,  extending  southward 
to  Menasha,  Wis.,  240  miles,  there  con- 
necting with  railroads  running  north, 
south  and  east,  forming  in  part  a  through 
line  of  travel  to  Milwaukee,  Chicago, 
etc.  Here  are  the  lieadquarters  of  the 
Northern  Division  of  the  above  railroad, 
where  will  be  erected  machine-shoj»s,  etc. 

Houghton  Point,  9  miles  south  of  Bay- 
field, and  the  same  distance  north  of 
Ashland,  is  a  delightful  location,  where 
is  being  formed  a  settlement  for  perma- 
nent residence.  Here  it  is  intended  by 
the  proprietor,  F.  Prentice,  Esq.,  to  erect 
a  Summer  Hotel  for  the  accommodation 


THE  APOSTLE  ISLANDS. 


27 


of  visitors  resorting  to  Lake  Superior  for 
liealtli  and  pleasure.  A  steamer  stops 
daily  at  the  landing  on  the  route  between 
Bayfield  and  Ashland. 

The  Penoka  Iron  Manr/e,  lying  25  miles 
south  of  Ashland,  is  an  immense  deposit 
of  magnetic  ore  of  a  rich  quality,  ex- 
tending 30  or  35  miles  east  and  west,  ele- 
vated from  800  to  1,200  feet  above  Lake 
Superior.  The  line  of  the  railroad  runs 
through  this  range,  and  the  iron  ore  will 
be  shipped  from  Ashland.  The  Iron 
Mining  Companies  already  formed  are 
the  Ashland  Iron  Company,  Magnetic 
Iron  Company,  La  Pointe  Iron  Com- 
pany, and  the  Wisconsin  Iron  Mining 
and  Smelting  Company., 

The  three  northern  counties  of  Wis- 
consin bordering  on  Lake  Superior  are 
Ashland,  including  the  Apostle  Islands, 
Bayfield  and  Douglas.  These  counties 
are  but  sparsely  populated,  but  will,  no 
doubt,  rapidly  increase  when  the  rail- 
roads now  in  progress  of  construction 
shall  be  completed  from  Daluth  and  Su- 
perior City  to  Montreal  Kiver,  and 
thence  to  Marquette,  Mich.,  also,  the  pro- 
posed railroads  running  south  to  diflerent 
points  from  Ashland. 

Numerous  small  streams  flow  into 
Lake  Superior,  rising  in  the  northern 
portion  of  the  above  counties,  while  the 
southern  portion  is  drained  by  the  St. 
Croix  River  and  Chippewa  River,  flow- 
ing south  into  the  Mississippi  River. 
On  the  borders  of  the  latter  streams 
there  is  an  immense  amount  of  pine  tim- 
ber and  much  good  farming  land,  pro- 
ducing wheat,  oats,  potatoes  and  other 
vegetables.  The  lumbering  business  and 
fishing  arc  at  the  present  time  the  main 
support  of  the  inhabitants. 

The  principal  streams  flowing  into 
Lake  Superior  from  Wisconsin  are  Mon- 
treal River,  Bad  River,  White  River, 
Fish  River,  Pike's  River,  Sand  River, 
Siskowit  River,  Brule  or  Burnt  Wood 
River,  and  Nemadji  River. 


Odanah,  Ashland  Co.,  *  -  an  Indian 
village  situated  on  Bad  sliver,  4  miles 
from  the  lake.  At  this  place  is  estab- 
lished the  Odanah  Mission,  where  are  two 
churches,  a  Presbyterian  and  Roman 
Catholic,  a  school-house  and  a  number 
of  dwellings.  Here  are  good  farming 
lands,  being  cultivated  by  the  Indians 
under  the  direction  of  the  government 
farmer. 

Maskeg  or  Bad  River  rises  in  the 
southern  part  of  Ashland  County,  and 
flows  northerly  through  the  Penoka  Iron 
Range  into  Lake  Superior,  aflbrding 
good  water  contiguous  to  the  mines. 
The  valley  contains  much  good  farming 
land,  and  abounds  in  timber  of  different 
kinds. 

Montreal  River,  forming  in  part  the 
boundary  between  the  States  of  Wiscon- 
sin and  Michigan,  enters  Lake  Superior 
some  10  or  12  miles  east  of  Bad  River. 


The  Apostle  Islands. — The  follow- 
ing description  of  these  romantic  islands 
is  copied  from  Owen^s  Geological  Survey 
of  Wisconsin,  etc. 

"  When  the  waters  of  Lake  Superior 
assumed  their  present  level,  these  islands 
were  doubtless  a  part  of  the  promontory, 
which  I  have  described  as  occupying  the 
space  between  Chaquamegon  Bay  and 
Brule  River.  They  are  composed  of 
drift-hills  and  red  clay,  resting  on  sand- 
stone which  is  occasionally  visible.  In 
the  lapse  of  ages,  the  winds,  waves,  and 
currents  of  the  lakes  cut  away  channels 
in  these  soft  materials,  and  finally  sepa- 
rated the  lowest  parts  of  the  ])romon- 
tory  into  islands,  and  island-rocks,  now 
twenty-three  in  number,  which  are  true 
outliers  of  the  drift  and  sandstone. 

"  At  a  distance  they  appear  like  main- 
land, with  deep  bays  and  points,  gradu- 
ally becoming  more  elevated  to  the  west- 
ward. '  He  au  Chene,'  or  Oak  Island,  which 
is  next  the  Detour  (or  mainland),  is  a 
pile  of  detached  drift,  250  or  300  feet 
high,  and  is  the  highest  of  the  group. 


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28 


LAKE  SUPERIOR  GUIDE. 


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Madeline,  *  Wan-ga-ba-me '  Island,  is  the 
largest  (on  wliicli  lies  La  Pointe),  being 
13  miles  long,  from  north-east  to  soutb- 
west,  and  has  an  average  of  3  miles  in 
breadtb.  "  Muk-cjuaw  "  or  Ikar  Maud, 
and  "  Esliquagendeg"  or  Onter  Idand, 
are  about  equal  in  size,  l)eing  six  miles 
long  and  two  and  a  half  wide. 

"  They  embrace  in  all  an  area  of  about 
400  square  miles,  of  wdiich  one-half  is 
water.  The  soil  in  some  i)laces  is  good, 
but  the  major  })art  woidd  be  difficndt  to 
clear  and  cultivate.  Tbe  causes  to  which 
I  have  referred,  as  giving  rise  to  thickets 
of  evergreens  along  tbe  coast  of  the  lake, 
operate  here  on  all  sides,  and  have  cov- 
ered almost  the  whole  surface  with  cedar, 
birch,  aspen,  hemlock,  and  pine.  There 
are,  however,  patches  of  sugar-tree  land, 
and  natural  meadows. 

"The  waters  around  the  islands  afford 
excellent  white  fish,  trout,  and  siskowit, 
which  do  not  api)ear  to  diminish,  after 
manv  vears  of  extensive  fishing  for  the 
lower  lake  markets.  For  trout  and  sis- 
kowit, which  are  caught  with  a  line  in 
deep  water,  the  best  ground  of  the  neigh- 
borhood is  off  Bark  Point  or  '  Point 
Ecorce'  of  the  French.  Speckled  or 
brook  trout  are  also  taken  in  all  the 
small  streams. 

"That  portion  of  the  soil  of  tlie  islands 
fit  for  cultivation,  produces  potatoes  and 
all  manner  of  garden  vegetables  and 
roots  in  great  luxurianc-e.  In  the  flat, 
wet  parts,  both  tbe  soil  and  climate  are 
favorable  to  grass,  and  the  crop  is  cer- 
tain and  stout.  Wheat,  oats,  and  barley 
do  well  on  good  soil  when  well  cultivated. 

"  In  regard  to  heallli,  no  portion  of 
the  continent  surpasses  the  Apostle 
Islands.  In  the  summer  months  they 
present  to  tbe  residents  of  the  South  the 
most  cool  and  delightful  resort  that  can 
be  imagined,  and  for  invalids,  especially 
such  as  are  aflected  in  the  lungs  or  liver, 
the  uniform  bracing  atmosphere  of  Lake 
Superior  produces  surprising  and  bene- 
ficial efi'ects." 


On  leaving  Bayfield  for  Dnluth,  the 
steamer  runs  northward  to  Oak  and 
Raspberry  Islands,  then  westward,  pass- 
ing within  sight  of  both  shores  of  the 
lake,  which  here  contract  to  20  or  30 
miles  in  width,  narrowing  as  you  ap- 
proach the  mouth  of  St.  Louis  River, 
where  stands  a  light-house  and  Superior 
City  —  Duluth  being  situated  at  ihii  head 
of  Minnesota  Point,  some  six  miles 
farther.  Here  a  grand  view  is  pre- 
sented, taking  in  both  the  Wisconsin 
and  Minnesota  shores  —  the  former  is 
low  and  wooded,  while  the  latter  rises  by 
a  steep  ascent  some  300  or  400  feet  above 
the  water's  edge  for  a  considerable  dis- 
tance. 

The  North  Shore  of  Lake  Superior, 
attached  to  the  State  of  Minnesota,  ex- 
tends N.E.  by  E.  about  150  miles,  from 
Duluth  to  Pigeon  River  and  Isle  Royale. 
This  coast  is  Iiigbly  interesting,  with  oc- 
casional good  harbors, — Agate  Bay,  Bur- 
lington Bay,  Encampment  Island,  Beaver 
Bay,  and  Good  Harbor  Bay  affording  the 
best  landings.  The  land  in  many  places 
is  elevated  and  clothed  for  the  most  part 
with  evergreens,  such  as  pine,  spruce, 
hemlock,  etc. 

The  City  of  Superior,  the  county- 
seat  of  Douglas  Countv.  It  is  in  N.  lat. 
4G°  38^ ;  W.  long.  91°  03^ ;  mean  annual 
temperature  40°  Fahr.  It  is  advanta- 
geously situated  on  the  south  side  of  the 
Bay  of  Superior,  formed  bv  the  Minne- 
sota and  Wisconsin  Points;  between  these 
points  is  the  entry  to  the  harbor  through 
which  is  discharged  the  waters  of  the 
St.  Louis  and  the  Nemadji  Rivers;  the 
former  being  one  of  the  largest  tributa- 
ries of  Lake  Superior.  The  United 
States  Government  recently  made  an 
appropriation  of  $189,000,  which,  in  the 
opinion  of  competent  engineers,  is  suf- 
ficient to  make  the  harbor  of  Superior 
what  it  was  by  nature  designed  to  be,  — 
one  of  the  finest  harbors  on  the  conti- 
nent; it  is  seven  miles  in  length  and 


CITY  OF   DULUTH. 


29 


three-fourths  of  a  mile  in  width,  afford- 
ing a  sufficient  depth  of  water  for  the 
largest  class  of  Lake  Steamers. 

Saperior  was  surveyed  and  laid  out  in 
June,  1854,  rapidly  increasing  in  popula- 
tion until  the  year  1857  ;  since  that  pe- 
riod it  has  slowly  increased  in  numbers, 
there  now  being  about  1,200  inhabitants. 
Here  is  a  court  -  house  and  jail,  four 
ciiurches,  one  hotel  (the  Avery  House), 
ten  stores  and  store-houses,  three  steam 
saw-mills,  one  steam  planing-mill  and 
sash  factory,  one  printing-office,  one  tan- 
nery, and  several  meclianic  shops.  The 
fisheries  off  the  Minnesota  and  Wiscon- 
sin Points  are  extensively  and  profitably 
carried  on,  wliere  are  annually  taken 
large  quantities  of  white-fish,  mackinac 
trout,  and  siskowit.  This  town,  favored 
by  natural  advantages,  is  destined  soon 
to  have  railroad  facilities.  A  road  is 
already  projected  to  pass  eastward  from 
Dulutli,  across  Rice's  Point,  toward  the 
Straits  of  Mackinac,  and  another  to  ap- 
proach Superior  from  the  south-east. 

Minnesota  Point  is  a  strip  of  land  jut- 
ting out  into  the  Lake  some  seven  or 
eight  miles,  on  the  end  of  which  is  a 
light-house,  to  guide  the  mariner  into 
the  Bay  of  Superior. 

Duluth,  St.  Louis  Co.,  Minn.,  a  city 
and  port  of  entry,  is  most  advantageously 
situated  at  the  head  of  Lake  Superior, 
near  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Louis  River,  in 
N.  lat.  46°  38^  W.  long.  92°  10^  being 
elevated  600  feet  above  the  Ocean,  the 
ground  rising  in  the  rear  to  the  height 
of  300  feet.  Mean  annual  temperature, 
40°  Fahr.  It  is  distant  from  Buffalo,  via 
the  Great  Lakes,  1,200  miles,  and  from 
Quebec,  via  the  St.  Lawrence  River, 
1,750  miles ;  from  St.  Paul,  by  railroad, 
155  miles,  and  from  Chicago,  565  miles ; 
from  the  Red  River  of  the  North,  252 
miles ;  from  the  Upper  Missouri  River, 
450  miles,  and  from  Puget  Sound,  by  the 
proposed  line  of  the  Northern  Pacific 
Jtailroad,  1,750  miles;  making  the  dis- 


I  tance  across  the  Continent,  by  Railroad 
j  and    Steamer,  with   one   transshipment, 
3,500  miles.     Tiiis  distance  can  be  short- 
I  ened  500  mik's  by  the  i)rop()sed  Inter- 
national Route  througli  Canada. 

Tills  Citv,  in  four  vear.s,  has  increa.sed 
from  a   small  village    to   a   fiourishing 
mart  of  cc»mmerce.     It  is  now  an  incor- 
I  porated  City  with  an  active  population 
j  of  about  4,000  inliabitants,  being  gov- 
erned  l)y  a  mayor  and  board  of  alder- 
men.    The  streets  are  wide  and  regular, 
crossing    each    other    at   right    ai^gh's. 
Within  the  past  three  years  nearly  fif- 
teen  miles  of  streets  have  been  opened, 
affording  retidy  access  to  all  parts  of  the 
town.     A  breakwater  is  completed  nearly 
500  feet  from  tiie  shore,  behind  which  are 
located  the  docks  of  the  Lake  Superior 
and  Mississippi  Railroad  and  the  grain 
elevator.     Alongside  the   docks  vessels 
can  lay  in   perfect  security  during  the 
severest  gales.     The  Citizens'  dock,  40 
feet  in  width,  and  extending  600  feet  into 
the  Lake,  is  completed,  affording  ample 
accommodation   for  steamers  and  other 
lake   craft.     The    Ship    Canal   through 
Minnesota   Point,   which   afi<)rds  access 
to  the  inner  harbor  in  the  Bay  of  Du- 
luth, has  been  completed,  disconnecting 
the  point  with  the  mainland.     This  canal 
will  be  1,200  feet  in  length  and  250  feet 
wide,  and  aff'ord  14  feet  of  water.     The 
Union  Improvement  and  f^levator  Com- 
pany have  finished  an  elevator  with  a 
storage   capacity  of  500,000  bushels  of 
grain,  and  capable  of  unloading  twenty 
cars  per  hour,  and  of  handling  10,000,000 
bushels  during  the  season  of  navigation. 
There   is   also  erected   three    extensive 
warehouses,  being  about  600  feet  long  by 
60  feet  wide.     Granite  is  found  in  large 
quantities   in   and  a))out   Duluth.     Tlie 
machinery  for  dressing  this  stone  is  now 
on  the  ground,  and  the  buildings  neces- 
sary for  its  working  have  been  erected. 
This  trade  will,  no  doubt,  become  large 
and  important,  as  the  stone  is  well  adapt- 
ed for  building  purposes. 


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30 


LAKE  SUPERIOR  GUIDE. 


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1 


Here  is  a  United  States  land-office,  a 
court-house  and  jail,  6  churches  of  dif- 
ferent denominations,  4  public  schools, 
a  public  library  and  reading-room,  and 
a  Young  Men's  Christian  Association ; 
3  banks,  3  printing-offices,  a  foundry, 
machine  shops,  3  steam  saw -mills,  2 
planing- mills,  and  several  other  manu- 
facturing establishments;  numerous  stores 
for  wholesale  and  retailpurposes;  3hotels, 
the  Clark  House  and  JJai/  View  House  be- 
ing situated  near  the  llailroad  and  Steam- 
boat landings.  The  buildings  of  all  kinds 
now  number  about  700,  some  of  them 
being  first  class  brick  structures. 

An  extensive  and  magnificent  view  is 
afforded  from  the  top  of  the  Granite 
Quarry,  within  the  limits  of  Duluth, 
elevated  about  100  feet ;  it  is  of  the  most 
grand  and  interesting  character  imagin- 
able when  taking  in  all  surroundings. 
Looking  eastward  on  the  right  hand  lies 
St.  Louis  Bay  and  Rice's  Point ;  in  front 
is  seen  the  beautiful  Bay  of  Superior, 
Minnesota  Point,  and  the  City  of  Supe- 
rior in  the  distance;  while  on  the  left 
hand  is  seen  the  City  of  Duluth,  the  inner 
and  outer  harbor,  and  the  broad  waters 
of  Lake  Superior  extending  eastward  as 
far  as  the  eye  can  reach,  here  and  tliere 
being  visible  lake  craft  of  different  di- 
mensions, while  the  moving  train  of  cars 
at  your  feet  present  altogether  a  sight 
unequalled  in  any  other  part  of  the  coun- 
try. The  future  of  this  grand  prospect 
itis  hard  to  conceive,  when  here  will  be 
centred  two  rival  cities  numbering  their 
tens  of  thousands  of  inhabitants,  find  the 
earrounding  waters  alive  with  c^^mmerce. 


Harbor  Improvements. 

A  breakwater  has  been  built  by  the 
Lake  Superior  and  Mississippi  Railroad, 
at  a  cost  of  about  $85,000,  and  the  neces- 
sarily accompanying  docks,  about  $00,- 
000  more ;  a  Citizens'  Dock,  in  the  nature 
of  an  outside  harborage,  costing  nearly 
$50,000 ;  the  Ship  Canal  through  Minne- 
sota Point,  constituting  a  safe  and  reli- 
able entrance  for  the  Inner  or  Bay  Har- 
bor, costing  the  city  over  $100,000. 

The  Dyke,  extending  from  Rice's  Point 
to  Minnesota  Point,  was  finished  in 
March,  1872;  it  gives  to  Duluth  an 
inner  harbor  in  the  bay  of  two  square 
miles,  the  expense  of  which  was  $40,000. 

Railroads. 

Here  commences  the  Lake  Superior  and 
Mississippi  Railroad  and  the  Northern  Pa- 
cific  Railroad,  the  one  running  to  St.  Paul, 
155  miles,  the  other  being  completed  to 
Bismarck,  on  the  Missouri  River,  450 
miles,  connecting  with  the  Upper  Missis- 
sippi River  and  the  Red  River  of  the 
North. 

Steamboat  Lines. 

Lines  of  steamers  run  from  Buffalo, 
on  Lake  Erie,  and  Chicago,  on  Lake 
Michigan,  about  1,200  miles,  to  Duluth. 
Steamers  also  run  from  Collingwood  and 
Sarnia,  Canada,  to  Duluth,  altogether 
carrying  large  immbers  of  passengers 
and  an  immense  amount  of  freight  to 
and  from  the  lower  lake  ports.  Steamers 
also  run  from  Duluth  to  Ontonagon, 
Houghton  and  Marquette,  landing  at  the 
intermediate  ports  on  the  South  Shore, 


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mariner's  guide. 


81 


Mariner's  Guide  to  the  Upper  Lakes. 


Light-Houses  on  Lake  Huron. 

1.  Fort  Gratiot,  43°  N.  lat.,  situated  at 
the  head  of  St.  Clair  River,  Mich. ;  ele- 
vated 82  feet.  Marks  entrance  from 
Huron  into  St.  Clair  River,  Goderich, 
Canada,  N.E.  by  N.  63  miles. 

2.  Point  aux  Bavqaes,  4-1°  V  N.  lat.,  on 
eastern  side  of  entrance  into  Saginaw 
Bay;  elevated  88  feet.  Tliunder  Bay 
Island  light,  N.  by  W-  V  N.,  74  miles. 

3.  Charity  Island,  at  tlie  mouth  of  Sagi- 
naw Bay ;  elevated  45  feet.  Saginaw 
Bay  light-house  S.W.  f  S.,  35  miles. 

4.  Tawas,  on  Ottawa  Point,  north-west 
shore  of  Saginaw  Bay,  Mich. ;  elevated 
54  feet.  Charity  Island  light  bears  S. 
15^  miles. 

5.  Sturgeon  Point,  on  the  western  shore 
of  Lake  Huron,  24  miles  south  of  Thun- 
der Bay  Island ;  elevated  09  feet.  Point 
aux  Barques  light,  S.S.E.  \  E.,  54  miles. 

6.  Thunder  Bay  Island,  45°  2^  N.  lat., 
north  side  of  entrance  to  Thunder  Bay, 
Mich. ;  elevated  59  feet.  Sturgeon  Point 
light,  S.  by  W.  23  miles.  Great  Duck 
Island,  Canada,  N.  by  E.  ^  E.,  43  miles. 

7.  Presque  Isle,  about  25  miles  north- 
west of  Thunder  Bay  light ;  elevated  123 
feet.  A  coast  light  on  the  northern  point 
of  the  Peninsula.  The  Detour  light 
bearing  N.N.W.  \  W.,  48  miles. 

8.  Spectacle  Beef,  situated  to  the  eastward 
of  the  entrance  to  the  Straits  of  Macki- 
nac, in  Lake  Huron ;  elevated  32  feet. 
Bois  Blanc  light-house  W.  by  N.,  14 
miles;  Mackinac  Island  (Fort  Holmes), 
W.  by  N.  f  N.,  24  miles ;  Detour  light- 
house N.E.  ^  N.,  16}  miles. 

9.  Cheboygan,  on  the  mainland  oppo- 
site Bois  Blanc  Island  ;  elevated  37  feet. 
Marks  entrance  into  the  south  channel 
of  the  Straits  of  Mackinac.  Old  Fort 
Mackinac  on  the  main,  N.W.  by  W.  \ 
W.,  17  miles. 

10.  Bois  Blanc,  on  the  north  side  of 
Bois  Blanc  Island,  in  the  Straits  of  Mack- 


inac ;  elevated  53  feet.  The  Detour  light 
bearing  E.N.E.,  26  miles.  Fort  Mackinac 
W.^.W.  h  W.,  9}  miles. 

11.  A  Light-house  is  to  be  erected  at 
Mackinac  Islaiul,  and  one  is  erected  near 
Old  Mackinac,  in  the  Straits  of  Mackinac, 
at  the  entrance  to  Lake  Michigan. 

12.  iJeUmr,  45°  57^  N.  lat.,  situated  at 
the  mouth  of  the  River  St.  Mary,  Lake 
Huron,  Mich. ;  elevated  75  feet.  Marks 
entrance  from  Lake  Huron  into  St. 
Mary's  River.  Island  of  Mackinac  30 
miles  west.  Saut  Ste.  Marie,  55  miles 
N.N.W.  Presque  Isle  light  S.S.E.  ^  E., 
47  .J  miles. 

Light-Houses  on  Lake  Superior. 

1.  Round  Island,  46°  26^  N.  lat.,  situ- 
ated in  White  Fish  Bay,  near  entrance 
to  St.  Mary's  River;  elevated  50  feet. 
Light  on  square  stone  tower,  rising  from 
the  keeper's  dwelling.  A  guide  to  and 
from  the  entrance  to  Lake  Superior. 

2.  Point  Iroquois,  on  south  shore  of 
White  Fish  Bay ;  elevated  72  feet.  The 
light  is  on  a  red  brick  tower,  connected 
with  the  keeper's  dwelling.  Parisiea 
Island,  N.  bv  W.  |  W.,  12  miles.  White 
Fish  Point,  N.W.  f  N.,  25  miles. 

3.  White  Fi^h  Point,  46°  46'  N.  lat.,  on 
White  Fish  Point,  Mich.;  elevate*  76 
feet.  Iron  pile  structure.  A  guide  to 
and  from  White  Fish  Bay,  at  the  S.E. 
extreme  of  Lake  Superior,  The  south- 
west point  of  the  shoal  off  Ciribou  Island, 
Canada,  bears  N.W.  h  W.,  55  miles ;  Man- 
itou  Island,  W.N.W  k  W.,  131  miles; 
Montreal  Island,  Can.,  N.  by  E.,  37  miles. 

4.  Big  Sable,  at  Big  Sable  Point,  on 
the  south  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  be- 
tween White  Fish  Point  and  Grand 
Island,  distant  19  miles  from  Grand  Por- 
tal (Pictured  Rocks),  27  miles  to  Grand 
Island  light,  and  60  miles  from  Mar- 
quette. 

6.  Grand  Island,  on  north  point  of 


4 

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32 


LAKE  SUPERIOR  GUIDE. 


M 


Grand,  on  a  lii.uli  bliifT;  elevated  205 
feet.  Starinanl  K<><'k  Utacon,  X.VV.  I>y 
N.  ^  N.,  '")0  miles.  Manitou  Island 
lijjflit,  N.W.  ,;  N.,  7.")  miles.  Marquette 
light,  \V.  I  S.,  :i;i  miles. 

().  Grand  Mand  Harbor, — a  guide 
through  the  eastern  jiassage  to  the  an- 
ciiorage  at  (Jrand  Ishmd  Harbor  and  the 
wharf  at  Miuusing  ;  elevated  .'U  feet. 

7.  Grand  hland  Harbor,  (front  light,) 
on  the  mainland  at  west  entranee  to 
Orand  Island  Harbor;  elevated  2.i  feet. 
J'Vont  light  in  wooden  tower.  Rear  light 
on  keeper's  frame  dwelling.  These 
lights  are  a  guide  for  entering  the  west 
ciiannel.  With  the  north  i)oint  of  Wood 
Island,  bearing  W.  ,;  of  a  mile,  and  the 
lights  in  range,  steer  S.  by  K.  h  JC,  5 
miles,  toward  the  range  lights. 

8.  MarqiidU;  40°  ik'  N.  hit.,  situated 
on  tiie  north  point  of  Marquette  Harbor; 
elevated  77  feet.  Stannard's  Koek  I5ea- 
con,  N.  ;  K.,  4'A\  miles;  Grand  Island 
Light,  K.  i  N.,  ;U  miles. 

U.  Granite  h!((nd,  on  Granite  Island, 
12  miles  N.W.  of  Manpiette  ;  elevated 
9')  feet.  Keweenaw  Point,  N.  bv  W.  h 
W.,  48  miles;  Stannard's  Koek,  2*s.  bv 
E.  -1  K.,  ;i2  miles. 

10.  llanni  Inland,  on  the  AVest  Huron 
Island,  oil'  Huron  Bay;  elevated  107 
feet.  Manitou  Island  light,  N.  by  N.K. 
I  E.,  37  miles;  Traverse  Island,  N.W. 
bv  W.,  14.7  miles.  Portage  Entry  light, 
W.  20  miles. 

11.  Portage  River,  near  month  of  Port- 
age Entry,  western  shore  of  Keweenaw 
I>av;  elevated  08  feet.  Manitou  Island 
light,  N.E  \  E.,  50  miles.  To  Hough- 
ton and  Ilancoek,  via  Portage  Lake,  14 
miles ;  to  head  of  Ship  Canal,  Lake  Su- 
perior, 23  miles. 

12.  Portage  Range,  (front  liglit,)  on 
prolongation  of  cut  from  Keweenaw  Bay; 
elevated  21  feet.  Guide  into  Portage 
River.  Front  light  on  wooden  tower. 
Rear  light  on  keeper's  dwelling. 

13.  Manitou,  on  the  east  point  of  Mani- 
tou lalund.    Iron  pile    tjtructure,  con- 


nected with  keeper's  house;  elevated  81 
feet.  Stannard's  Rock,  S.E.  2:)]  miles; 
the  east  point  of  Isle  Royale,  JS.W.^  N., 
()()  miles. 

14.  Gall  Rock,  on  a  rocky  islet  between 
Manitou  Islaiul  and  Keweenaw  Point; 
elevated  50  feet.  Tower  and  keeper's 
dwelling  comiected,  built  of  Milwaukee 
brick.  A  guide  through  the  passage  be- 
tween (lull  Rock  and  Keweenaw  Point. 

15.  CopiH'r  Harbor,  47°  28^  N.  lat.,  sit- 
uated on  the  eastern  point  to  the  en- 
trance to  Copper  Harbor;  elevated  65 
icet.  Tower  and  keeper's  dwelling  con- 
nected. S.W\  point  of  Isle  Rovale, 
W.N.W.,  6S  miles;  Passage  Island, 
(route  to  Silver  Islet,)  N.N.W.  \  W.,  58 
miles ;  SautSte.  Marie,  E.S.E.,  200  miles. 

10.  Cofyper  Harbor  Mange,  (front  light,) 
on  Fort  Wilkins  reserve;  elevated  22 
feet.  To  guide  vessels  into  Copper  Har- 
bor. 

17.  Eagle  Harbor,  on  the  west  point  of 
the  entrance  to  Eagle  Harbor.  Light  on 
keeper's  dwelling ;  elevated  47  feet.  The 
north  point  of  the  outer  or  easternmost 
of  the  Apostle  Group,  W.  by  S.  i  S.,  105 
miles. 

18.  Faglc  River,  near  the  entrance  to 
Eagle  River,  south  shore  of  Lake  Supe- 
rior. Light  on  keeper's  dwelling;  ele- 
vated 01  feet.  Michigan  Island  light, 
W.S.AV.  I  W.,  100  miles. 

19.  A  Light-house  is  to  be  erected  at 
the  entrance  to  the  Portage  Ship  Canal, 
on  the  south  shore  of  Lake  Superior. 

20.  Ontonagon,  40°  52^  N.  lat.,  at  mouth 
of  Ontonagon  River ;  elevated  47  feet. 
House  and  tower  of  Milwaukee  brick. 
The  S.W.  point  of  Isle  Royale,  N.  J  E., 
07  miles. 

21.  Michigan  Island,  on  the  southern 
point  of  Michigan  Island,  the  most  east- 
ern of  the  Apostle  Group,  Wisconsin ; 
elevated  129  feet.  A  guide  through  the 
passage  between  Madeline  and  Michi- 
gan Islands,  to  Bayfield  and.  La  Pointe. 
Ontonagon,  E.,  56  miles. 

22.  A  Light-house  is  erected  on  the 


DULUTH  TO  ISLE   llOYALK  AND  PIGEON   RIVER. 


33 


Outer  Island  of  the  Apostle  Group  of 
Islands,  to  guide  mariners  to  the  liead 
of  Lake  Superior,  distant  HO  miles  S.W. 
of  Isle  Koyale,  and  about  90  miles  E.  of 
Duluth. 

23.  La  Pointe,  on  Chaquamegon  Point, 
the  soutii-eastern  entrance  to  La  Pointe 
Harbor,  and  to  the  northward  of  Ash- 
land and  southward  of  Baylield ;  ele- 
vated 42  feet.  Light  on  keeper's  dwell- 
ing, painted  white. 

24.  Raspberry  Island,  on  the  south- 
west point  of  the  island,  one  of  the  Apos- 
tle Group;  elevated  77  feet.  A  guide 
between  the  Main  and  Kaspberry  Island, 
and  to  Bayfield. 

^  25.  Minnesota  Point,  46°  46'  N.  lat., 
situated  at  the  head  of  Lake  Superior, 
mouth  of  St.  Louis  River ;  elevated  50 
feet.  A  guide  into  Superior  Bay  and 
Duluth.  The  S.W.  point  of  Isle  Roy- 
ale,  N.E.  by  E.  f  E.,  150  miles;  Silver 
Islet,  Canada,  N.E.  f  E.,  180  miles. 

26.  Duluth,  on  the  end  of  the  south 
pier  of  Duluth,  Minn. ;  a  guide  into  the 
canal  or  inner  Bay. 


Table  of  Distances, 

AT  WlllCir  OBJECTS  CAN  IJKSKKX  uN  THE 
LAKKrf  AT  D1FFKU1:NT  ELEVATIUN.S. 


Hoight 

Distances 

1      IICiLcht 

Distant'"-. 

iu  loot. 

ill  miles. 

<       111  lev.!. 

ill  mil'. 

10 

4-184 

100 

13-2-:: 

20 

5-916 

150 

16-20c^ 

'^0 

7-245 

200 

li^-702 

40 

8-306 

300 

22-917 

50 

9-354 

400 

26-450 

CO 

10-246 

500 

29-583 

70 

11-007 

600 

32-406 

80 

11-832 

800 

37-418 

90 

12-549 

1000 

41-883 

Statute  luilos. 
Example.  —  Detour    Light, 
75  feet  high,  visible 11'456 

Add  for  height  of  observer's 
eye.  on  deck  10  feet 4*184 

Distance  of  Light 15-406 


> 


[\ 


Duluth  to  Isle  Royale  and  Pigeon  River. 


The  trip  along  the  North  Shore  of 
Minnesota  to  the  mouth  of  Pigeon  River 
and  Isle  Royale,  which  lies  opposite,  is 
one  of  great  interest.  The  harbors,  head- 
lands, islands,  and  objects  of  interest  are 
numerous.  Then  the  inside  passage 
along  the  Canada  shore,  passing  several 
islands,  is  still  more  interesting,  until 
you  enter  Thunder  Bay,  when  the  scene 
is  by  far  more  grand  and  imposing  — 
having  in  full  view  Pie  Island,  M'Kay's 
Mountain,  and  Thunder  Cape,  the  latter 
rising  1350  feet  in  height,  with  almost 
perpendicular  walls. 

Granite  Point  and  Knife  River 
are  passed  18  miles  N.E.  of  Duluth, 
near  where  is  the  settlement  of  Buchanan 
and  Isle  aux  Roches. 

Agate  Bay,  25  miles,  and  Burlington 
Bay,  2  miles  farther,  are  much  frequented 


by  tourists.  Starting  from  Dnhith  or 
Superior  City,  a  small  steamer  runs  fre- 
quently to  these  harbors  during  the  sum- 
mer months,  carrying  parties  of  pleas- 
ure. 

Encampment  Island  and  River,  35 
miles  from  Duluth,  is  another  interesting 
localitv.  Here  the  shores  are  remarkabl  v 
bold  and  precipitous,  rising  from  800  to 
1000  feet  above  the  water. 

Beaver  Bay  and  Sp:ttlement,  18 
miles  farther,  is  a  small  village  inhabited 
mostly  by  Germans.  Here  the  shore 
presents  a  rugged  appearance,  with  high 
lands  rising  in  the  background. 

The  Palisades,  6  miles  farther,  presents 
a  grand  appearance  from  the  water's 
edge.  The  rock  rises  to  the  height  of 
over  300  feet,  {)resenting  perpendicular 
columns.    Baptism  Biver,  2  miles,  is  a 


■ 


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f 


RPRPI 


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niws^WPflPiB? 


34 


LAKE  SUPERIOR  GUIDE. 


mountain  stream,  risinj:^  in  an  eminence 
called  Saw-Teeth  Mountains. 

The  numerous  rivers  and  creeks  falling 
into  Lake  Superior  along  the  North 
Shore,  from  iJulutli  to  Fort  William, 
Canada,  for  a  distance  of  about  180  miles, 
are  generally  rapid  streams  of  moderate 
length.  They  are  mostly  pure  water, 
abouijding  in  speckled  trout  and  other 
kintls  of  tislu  In  the  rear  it  is  almost 
an  unbroken  wilderness,  although  su])- 
posed  to  be  rich  in  minerals  of  different 
kinds, —  copper,  iron,  silver,  and  gold, — 
the  latter  being  found  in  the  vicinity  of 
Vermillion  Lake,  lying  in  a  north-east- 
erly direction  some  fifty  or  sixty  miles. 

Petit  Marais  and  the  mouth  oi  Manitoxt 
River  are  next  passed.  Two  Inlands  River 
is  named  from  two  beautiful  islands 
which  lie  off  its  mouth. 

Temperance  River,  another  romantic 
stream,  rising  in  Carlton's  Peak,  is  thus 
named  owing  to  its  having  no  bar  at  its 
mouth.  This  locality  should  become  a 
favorite  resort  for  invalids  and  others 
seeking  health  and  pleasure.  Here  are 
a  succession  of  waterfalls  of  great  beauty, 
some  only  200  or  300  feet  from  the  Lake 
shore. 

Good  Harbor  Bay,  100  miles  N.E. 
of  Duluth,  is  a  safe  harbor,  as  its  name 
implies.  Terrace.  Point,  Rock  Island,  and 
Grand  Marais  are  all  in  sight,  while 
small  streams  flow  into  the  lake,  alive 
with  speckled  trout. 

Grand  Marais  ILvrbor,  Minn. — 
This  harbor  is  located  on  tlie  north  shore 
of  Lake  Superior,  about  115  miles  east 
of  Duluth.  It  is  the  only  lai^e  and  secure 
harbor  between  Duluth  and  Grand  Port- 
age, a  distance  of  about  150  miles.  The 
harbor  is  of  elliptical  shape,  and  is  2500 
feet  long  by  1400  feet  wide.  The  mouth 
of  the  harbor  is  1000  feet  wide ;  the  depth, 
at  the  entrance,  24  feet,  with  a  rock  bot- 
tom. After  entering  the  harbor  tlie  depth 
increases,  and  the  bottom  is  composed  of 
gravel  and  boulders. 

Grand  Portage  Bay  and  Idand,  40 


miles  farther,  is  a  place  of  considerable 
resort.  Here  is  an  Indian  village  and 
Keservation,  where  is  a  Koman  Catholic 
Mission,  a  block-house,  and  some  12  or 
15  dwellings.  From  this  point  com- 
mences a  portage  route  to  Pigeon  Kiver, 
Kainy  Lake,  and  Lake  of  the  Woo<ls. 

Waus-wau'Goning  Bay  is  a  beautiful 
expanse  of  water,  encircled  in  part  by 
highlands,  rising  to  the  height  of  1000 
feet,  and  several  beautiful  wooded  islands. 
From  this  bay  to  the  south  end  of  Isle 
Royale,  the  distance  is  20  miles. 

Pigeon  Bay  and  River,  forming  the 
north-west  boundary  between  the  United 
States  and  Canada,  is  well  worthy  of  a 
visit.  The  bay  contains  several  beautiful 
islands  and  islets,  where  is  excellent 
fishing.  Pigeon  River  Falls,  situated 
about  half  a  mile  above  the  landing,  are 
exceetlingly  grand  and  imposing.  Here 
the  water  falls  about  90  feet,  almost  per- 
pendicular, into  a  chasm,  then  nishea 
through  a  gorge  into  the  bay. 

ParkersviIcLE  is  a  small  settlement 
situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  river,  where 
also  is  to  be  seen  Indian  huts  and  wig- 
wams constructed  of  birch  bark.  This 
place,  no  doubt,  is  soon  destined  to  be- 
come a  place  of  resort  during  the  summer 
months;  it  is  situated  about  150  miles 
N.E.  of  Duluth. 


Isle  Royale,  Houghton  Co.,  Mich., 
being  about  45  miles  in  length  from 
N.E.  to  S.W.,  and  from  6  to  12  miles  in 
width,  is  a  rich  and  important  island, 
alx)unding  in  copper  oi*e  and  other  min- 
erals, and  also  precious  stones.  The 
principal  harbor  and  only  settlement  is 
on  Siskmvit  Bay^  being  on  the  east  shore 
of  the  island,  60  miles  distant  from 
Eagle  Harbor,  on  the  main  shore  of 
Michigan. 

The  otlier  harbors  are  Washington 
Harbor  on  the  south-west,  Todd's  Harbor 
on  the  west,  and  Rock  Harbor  and  Chip- 
pewa Harbor  on  the  north-east  part  of 
the  island.    In  some  places  on  the  west 


■ 


TRIP   ALONG  THK    SOUTH    SHORE. 


85 


are  perpend icMilar  cliffn  of  pjreen  stone, 
very  bold,  rising  from  the  water's  edge, 
while  on  the  eastern  siiore  congloinerale 
rock  or  coarse  sandstone  abounds,  with 
occasional  stony  beaih.  On  this  coast 
are  many  islets  and  rocks  of  sandstone, 
rendering  navigation  somewhat  danger- 
ous. Good  fishing-grounds  abound  all 
around  this  island,  which  will,  no  doubt, 
before  many  years,  become  a  favorite 
summer  resort  for  the  invalid  und  the 


sportsman,  as  well  as  for  the  scientilic 
tourist. 

SisKowiT  Lakk  is  a  considerable  body 
of  water  lying  ne:ir  the  centre  of  the 
island,  which  apparei»tly  has  no  outlet. 
Other  small  lakes  and  picturesque  inlets 
and  bays  abound  in  all  parts  of  the  island. 
Hills,  rising  from  .'500  to  400  feet  above 
the  waters  of  the  lake,  exist  in  many 
localities  throughout  the  island,  which 
is  indented  by  bays  and  inlets. 


Trip  along  the  South  Shore  of  Lake  Superior. 


On  leaving  Dulutii  by  the  American 
steamers  bound  for  Manpiette  and  the 
Saut  Ste.  Marie,  the  boat  pursues  an 
easterly  course  until  the  Apostle  Islands 
are  reached,  about  00  miles  distant  — 
the  Minnesota  and  VV^isconsin  shores 
being  both  in  sight.  The  first  island 
passed,  on  the  right,  is  called  Steamboat 
Island ;  then  comes  in  succession  Sandy 
Island,  York  Island,  and  Raspberry 
Island;  on  the  latter  there  is  a  light- 
house. Oak  Island  is  passed  on  the  left, 
it  being  a  large,  elevated,  and  wooded 
body  of  land ;  then  comes  Hermit's  Island 
and  Bass  Island;  on  the  latter  there  is 
a  valuable  stone  cpiarry  of  red  sand- 
stone. Here  the  view  is  most  beautiful 
in  fine  weather,  there  being  in  full  view 
a  number  of  islands,  altogether  number- 
ing twenty,  of  diiTerent  sizes,  of  which 
Madeline  Island  is  the  largest,  where  is 
located,  on  its  south  end,  La  Painte,  an 
old  settlement. 

Bayfield,  Wis.,  80  miles  east  of  Du- 
luth,  by  water,  is  the  first  regular  landing. 
The  hotel  accommodations  are  good,  and 
no  place  on  the  shores  of  Lake  Superior 
affords  greater  inducements  for  the  seeker 
of  health  and  pleasure.  Boating,  sail- 
ing, and  fishing  can  be  enjoyed  during 
the  summer  months. 

Ashland,  situated  18  miles  south  of 
Bayfield,  with  which  it  is  connected  by 
a  steam-ferry,  as  well  .as  L  Pointe,  and 
a  new  landing  at  Hought  a  Point,  all 


add  to  tlie  attractions  which  Cha-quam- 
e-gon  Bay  and  its  vicinity  attbrds  to 
tourists.  For  a  healthy  climate,  pure 
water,  good  fishing,  and  an  agreeable 
class  of  inhabitants,  no  part  of  the  lake- 
exceeds  the  above  favored  localities. 
From  Ashland,  the  Wisconnui  Central 
Railroad  runs  south  through  Northern 
Wisconsin  to  Menasha,  Milwaukee,  etc. 

On  leaving  Bayfield;  proceeding  east- 
ward, the  steamer  usually  runs  between 
Bass  Island  and  Madeline  Island,  passing 
Presque  Island,  toward  Michigan  Island, 
where  there  is  a  light-house.  There  are 
also  several  other  islands  in  sight,  which 
usually  present  a  most  lovely  appearance 
from  the  deck  of  the  passing  steamer. 
After  leaving  the  Apostle  Islands,  the 
steamer  runs  direct  for  Ontonagon,  (50 
miles,  passing  the  Porcupine  3fountainSj 
and  the  Silver  Region  near  the  mouth 
of  Iron  River,  a  beautiful  stream  enter- 
ing the  lake  about  15  miles  west  of  On- 
tonagon. Proceeding  eastward,  the  steam- 
er either  passes  through  Portage  Ship 
Canal  or  sails  around  Keweenaw  Point 
to  Houghton,  Marquette,  etc. 

On  leaving  Marquette  the  steamer 
usually  runs  direct  for  White  Fish  Point, 
130  miles,  passing  Grand  Island  and 
the  Pictured  Mocks,  all  being  in  sight 
from  the  deck  of  the  steamer.  Dis- 
tance from  Duluth  to  Saut  Ste.  Marie, 
passing  around  Keweenaw  Point,  500 
miles. 


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36 


%■' 


LAKE  SUPERIOR  —  NORTH  SHORE. 


Trip  around  the  North  Shore  of  Lake  Superior. 

Made  on  Boaud  the  Canadian  Steamer  Cuicora,  July^  1873. 


On  leaving  the  month  oiiXxaShlp  Ginal, 
above  the  Rapids  of  St.  Mary's  Kiver,  a 
beautifnl  view  is  presented  from  the  deck 
of  the  steamer.  The  Kapids  and  the  set- 
tlements on  both  sides  of  the  river  appear 
to  advantage,  while  a  h)vely  stretch  of 
the  stream  above  is  passed  over  before 
arriving  at 

Point  aux  Pins,  Ont.,  6  miles  above 
the  Rapids.  Here  is  a  convenient  steam- 
boat landing,  a  store  and  a  few  dwellings, 
being  Iiandsomely  situated  among  a 
grove  of  small  pine  trees.  Fishing 
l)arties  can  here  be  fitted  out  with  guides 
and  canoes  for  fishing  and  exploring  the 
North  Shore. 

Waiska  Bay,  an  expanse  of  the  river, 
is  next  entered,  extending  westward  to 
Point  Iroquois.  Here  may  be  seen  an 
Indian  settlement  on  the  SoUth  shorn. 

(tRos  Cap,  15  miles  from  the  Saut,  lies 
on  the  Canada  side  directly  opposite 
Point  Iroquois,  forming  prominent  land- 
marks to  the  entrance  of  Lnke  Superior. 
This  bold  headland  consists  of  hills  of 
porphyry  rising  from  600  to  700  feet 
above  the  waters  of  the  lake.  **Gros 
Cap  is  a  name  given  by  the  voijageurs  to 
almost  innumerable  projecting  head- 
lands ;  but  in  this  case  appropriate,  since 
it  is  the  conspicuous  feature  at  the  en- 
trance of  the  Great  Lake." 

Immediately  north  of  Gros  Cap  lies 
GouLAis  Bay  and  Goulais  Point, 
another  bold  highland  which  is  seen  in 
the  divStance.  Goulais  River  enters  the 
bay,  a^ording,  in  connection  with  the  ad- 


jacent waters,  good  fishing-grounds — the 
brook  or  speckled  trout  lieing  n)(>slly 
taken  in  the  river.  Here  is  an  Indian 
settlement  of  the  Chippewa  trihe. 

Taquamenon  Bay,  lying  to  the  west- 
ward, is  a  large  expanse  of  water,  being 
about  25  miles  long  and  as  many  broad, 
terminating  at  White  Fish  Point,  40  miles 
above  Saut  Ste.  Marie. 

Parisien  Island  is  passed  30  miles 
from  the  Saut,  lying  near  the  middle  of 
the  above  bay,  being  attached  to  Canada. 

Maple  Island,  20  miles  above  (iros 
Cap,  is  a  srr.  11  wooded  island  lying  near 
the  shore.  Sandy  Islands,  5  miles  far- 
ther, are  a  low  group  of  islands  lying  off 

Batch eevvan AUNG  Bay,  a  large  and 
beautiful  sheet  of  water  which  receives  a 
stream  of  the  same  name,  being  famed 
for  trout  fishing.  Here  is  an  Indian 
settlement,  and  a  village  where  is  a  large 
steam  saw-mill.  On  Corbay  Point,  at  tlie 
entrance  to  the  above  bay,  stands  a  light- 
house. 

Mamainse  Point,  [Little  Sturgeon,) 
lying  opposite  White  Fish  Point,  is 
another  bold  headland,  where  is  a  fish- 
ing station  and  a  few  dwellings.  It  is 
about  55  miles  from  the  Saut,  and  was 
formerly  a  copper  mining  location,  but 
has  been  abandoned.  Here  is  a  good 
harbor  and  steamboat  landing. 

Some  12  or  15  miles  north  of  Ma- 
mainse Point  are  located,  on  MicA  Bay, 
the  old  Quebec  Copper  Mining  Com  pany's 
Works,  .it  present  abandoned,  owing  to 
their  being  found  unproductive.     Still 

37 


t  I 


LAKE  SUPERIOR  GUIDE. 


farther  north,  skirtinj;^  Lake  Superior,  is 
to  be  found  a  vast  Mineral  Region^  as  yet 
only  partially  explored. 

Montreal  Island  and  Kiver,  25 
miles  north  of  Mamainsc,  afford  good 
fishing-grounds.  Here  is  a  liarbor  ex- 
posed to  the  west  winds  from  off  the 
lake,  which  can  safely  be  approached 
wlien  the  winds  are  not  boisterous. 

Aguawa  Blver,  30  miles  from  Ma- 
raainse  Point,  affords  a  good  harbor, 
where  is  a  trading  post  and  good  fishing. 

Lizard  Island  and  Leech  Island, 
some  10  miles  farther  northward,  are 
next  passed,  lying  contiguous  to  the 
mainland. 

Cape  Garoantua,  45  miles  north  of 
Mamainse,  is  a  bold  headland.  On  the 
Bouth  side  is  a  harbor  protected  by  a 


small  island.  From  this  cape  to  the 
island  of  Michipicoten  the  distance  is 
about  30  miles. 

The  steamers  bound  for  Prince  Ar- 
thur's Landing  usually  run  direct  for 
Michipicoten  Island,  lying  70  miles  north- 
west of  Mamainse  Point;  but  when 
bound  for  Michipicoten  Harbor  they  sail 
along  the  eastern  end  of  the  lake,  pass- 
ing several  small  islands  and  head- 
lands. 

This  portion  of  Canada  is  as  yet  an 
almost  unbroken  wilderness  for  several 
hundred  miles  around  Lake  Superior. 
With  the  exception  of  a  few  scattered 
Hudson  Bay  Co's.  Posts,  there  are  no 
settlements  until  you  reach  the  vicinity 
of  Silver  Islet  or  Thunder  Bay,  two  or 
three  hundred  miles  distant.  "^^ 


Coasting  along  the  North  Shore  of  Lake  Superior. 


There  are  two  modes  of  reacliing  St. 
Ignace  Island  and  the  mouth  of  Nepi- 
gon  River,  if  bound  on  a  pleasure  ex- 
cursion to  the  far-famed  fishing-grounds 
on  the  North  Shore  of  Lake  Superior, 
where  speckled  trout,  varying  from  one 
to  eiglit  pounds,  can  be  taken  in  large 
quantities. 

Tlie/''«/  plan  and  mode  of  conveyance 
is  tliat  of  hiring  a  birch  canoe  of  from 
18  to  20  feet  in  length,  with  two  Indians, 
or  half-breeds,  as  voyageurs,  for  which 
service  there  is  usually  a  charge  of  five 
dollars  a  day.  Then  lay  in  tents  and  a 
supply  of  provisions  for  two  or  more 
weeks,  according  to  the  length  of  the  in- 
tended trip.  After  this  is  accomplished, 
embark  on  one  of  the  Canatlian  steamers 
running  direct  for  the  mouth  of  the  Nep- 
igon  River;  then  land  and  commence 
your  canoe  sailing  or  paddling  until  you 
reach  the  desired  tishing-groiuids.  Here 
land  and  spread  your  tents  for  a  time, 
alternately  fishing,  cooking,  eating  and 
sleeping,  as  you  may  desire. 

This  is  a  truly  independent  style  of 
travelling  and  living;  combining  health, 


pleasure  and  economy.  The  party  may 
consist  of  two,  four,  or  more  persons  be- 
sides the  two  guides.  You  have  nothing 
to  annoy  you  except  the  rainy  weather  or 
mosquitoes,  which  are  at  times  very  nu- 
merous and  hungry,  often  attacking  the 
sportsman  in  a  fierce  manner.  The  best 
mode  of  avoiding  these  pests,  is  to  camp 
on  a  point  of  land  and  clear  away  all 
the  underbrush  ;  then  build  a  smudge-fire 
and  take  your  comfort,  regardless  of  the 
buzzing  outside  world. 

The  second  mode  is  to  hire  a  Mack- 
inac sailing-boat  with  oars,  and  lay  in 
your  provisions ;  hire  your  crew  of  two 
Indians,  and  set  sail  from  the  mouth  of 
the  Ship  Canal  above  the  Saut  Ste. 
Marie,  or  any  other  point  from  which 
you  may  choose  to  depart,  if  bound  for 
the  North  Shore  or  mouth  of  the  Nepi- 
gon.  The  supplies  for  this  excursion  are 
usually  obtained  on  the  Canadian  side, 
either  at  the  Saut  or  at  Point  aux  Pins,  7 
miles  above,  where  is  a  good  landing  and 
camping-ground. 

Starting  from  above  the  Rapids  with  a 
fair  wind,  Oros  Cap^  15  miles,  is   soon 


COASTING  ALONG  THE  NORTH  SHORE. 


39 


' 


reached ;  opposite  lies  Point  Iroquois,  the 
**  Pillars  of  Hercules"  of  Lake  Superior, 
being  the  true  entrance  to  the  lake.  You 
next  pass  Goulais  Bay,  Maple  Island, 
Sandy  Island,  and  enter  JBatcheewanaung 
Bay,  where  is  found  good  fishing-grounds 
and  abundance  of  brook  trout  in  the 
streams  which  enter  here. 

Proceeding  northward,  Mamalnse Point, 
50  miles  distant  from  the  Saut,  is  passed. 
From  thence  the  voyager  coasts  along  the 
North  Shore  toward  Michipicoten  Har- 
bor, proceeding  westward  toward  Nep- 
igon  Bay  and  Eiver. 

Michipicoten  Harbor  and  River, 
120  miles  north  of  the  Saut  Ste.  Mario, 
situated  in  N.  lat.  47°  56^,  W.  long.  85° 
6'',  afibrds  a  safe  anchorage,  being  sur- 
rounded by  high  hills.  Here  is  estab- 
lished a  Roman  Catholic  mission,  and 
an  old  Hudson  Bay  Company's  post, 
from  whence  diverges  the  river  and  port- 
age route  to  James's  Bay,  some  350 
miles  distant.  The  shore  of  the  lake 
here  tends  westward  toward  Otter  Head, 
about  50  miles  distant,  presenting  a  bold 
and  rugged  appearance. 

Michipicoten  Island  (the  Island  of 
Knobs  or  Hills),  65  miles  from  Mamainse 
Point  in  a  direct  course,  running  in  a 
north-west  direction,  lies  about  40  miles 
west  of  Michipicoten  Harbor.  This 
ishmd,  15  miles  in  length  and  6  miles 
wide,  may  be  called  the  gem  of  Lake  Su- 
perior, presenting  a  most  beautiful  ap- 
pearance as  approached  from  the  south- 
ward, where  a  few  picturesque  islands 
may  be  seen  near  the  d: trance  to  a  safe 
and  commodious  harbor,  which  can  be 
entered  during  all  winds.  Nature  seems 
to  have  adapted  this  island  as  a  place  of 
resort  for  the  seekers  of  health  and  pleas- 
ure. Within  the  bay  or  harbor  a  beau- 
tiful cluster  of  islands  adorns  its  entrance, 
where  may  be  found  abates  and  other 
precious  stones ;  while  inland  is  a  most 
charming  body  of  water,  surrounded  by 
wooded  hills  rising  from  300  to  500  feet 


I  above  the  waters  of  Lake  Superior. 
The  shores  of  the  island  abound  with 
j  greenstone  and  amygdaloid,  while  cop- 
per and  silver  mines  are  said  to  exist  in 
the  interior  of  great  value.  The  fisheries 
here  are  also  valuable,  affording  profit- 
able employment  to  the  hardy  fislierman 
of  this  region.  As  yet,  but  few  houses 
are  erected  on  the  shores  of  this  romnntic 
island,  where,  sooner  or  later,  will  flock 
the  wealthy  and  beautiful  in  search  of 
liealth  and  recrt'ution,  such  as  are  af- 
forded by  pure  air,  boating,  and  fishing 
and  hunting. 

The  fish  taken  in  this  part  of  the  lake 
are  mostly  white  fish,  siskowit,  Macki- 
nac trout,  and  speckled  trout,  the  former 
being  taken  by  gill-nets. 

On  the  mainland  are  found  the  cara- 
bou,  a  large  species  of  deer,  bears,  foxes, 
otters,  beavers,  martins,  rabl)its,  par- 
tridges, pigeons,  and  other  wild  game. 
The  barberry,  red  raspberry,  and  whortle- 
berry are  also  found  in  different  localities. 

Caribou  Island,  lying  about  25  miles 
south  of  Michipicoten,  near  the  middle 
of  the  lake,  is  a  small  body  of  land  at- 
tached to  Canada.  It  is  usually  passed 
in  sight  when  the  steamers  are  on  their 
route  to  Fort  William. 

Otter  Head,  60  miles  north-west  of 
Cape  Gargantua,  is  one  of  the  best  natu- 
ral harbors  on  Lake  Superior,  where  is 
to  be  seen  grand  and  romantic  scenery. 
Otter  Island,  lying  to  the  north  of  the 
harbor,  is  a  bold  piece  of  land.  In  this 
vicinity  are  supposed  to  be  rich  deposits 
of  iron,  tin,  and  other  minerals. 

Pic  River,  40  miles  farther,  is  a  fine 
stream,  entering  the  lake  from  the  north. 
Here  is  an  old  Hi  '^on  Bay  Company's 
Post  and  a  settlemeni  of  Indians.  Pic 
Island,  lying  20  miles  to  the  westward, 
is  next  passed,  also  the  mouths  of  several 
small  rivers. 

Slate  Island,  25  miles  farther  west,  lies 
out  in  the  lake,  about  12  miles  from 
shore.  Here  is  the  widest  part  of  Lake 
Superior,  being  about  160  miles  from 


I 

1 


'   n 


Ml 


40 


LAKE  SUPERIOR  GUIDE. 


m 


shore  to  shore,  being  nearly  due  north 
of  Marquette. 

Wihon^s  Island,  20  miles  west,  lies 
within  a  few  miles  of  the  mainland, 
which  is  bold  and  rugged. 

Salter  Inland,  a  few  miles  farther  west, 
is  a  small  island,  afibrding  fine  scenery. 

Simpson's  Island,  40  miles  west  of  Slate 
Island,  is  an  important  body  of  land, 
which,  no  doubt,  contains  valuable  min- 
erals. 

St.  Ignace  Island,  the  largest  and 
most  important  of  the  Canadian  Islands, 
has  long  been  famed  for  its  supposed 
mineral  wealth.  Copper,  silver,  and 
lead  are  said  to  be  found  on  this  island. 
Here  the  land  rises  to  a  great  height  in 
some  places,  while  the  shores  are  bold 
and  rugged.  On  tlie  west  end  there  is 
a  convenient  steamboat  landing,  being 
distant  30  miles  from  the  mouth  of 
Nepigon  River. 

On  approaching  Nepigon  Bay  the 
steamer  nins  between  Simpson's  and 
Salter  Island,  the  former  being  a  large 
and  rugged  body  of  land,  while  the  high- 
lands on  the  main  coast  are  of  an  equally 
high  and  rugged  character,  presenting  a 
mountainous  appearance. 

Nepigon  Bay  is  about  30  miles  long 
and  20  miles  wide,  containing  several 
beautiful  wooded  islands,  the  largest 
herngVerte Island,  lying  near  the  middle 
of  the  bav,  with  lesser  islands  as  the 
mouth  of  the  river  is  approached. 

Nepiffon  River,  the  "  Ultima  Thulc"  of 
the  angler,  is  a  bold  and  dashing  stream, 
falling  300  or  400  feet  within  the  dis- 
tance of  22  miles.  There  are  alternate 
rapids  and  expansions,  with  high,  rug- 
ged hills  for  most  of  the  distance  to  the 
foot  of  Lake  Nepigon.  Those  who  are 
in  the  habit  of  visitmg  this  stream  from 
year  to  year  represent  it  as  one  of  the 
most  wild  and  charming  retreats  on  the 
Continent,  where  health  and  sport  can 
be  obtained  during  the  summer  months, 
affording  almost  endless  enjoyment  to 
the  angler  and  sportsman. 


Hed  Kock  is  the  name  of  the  settle- 
ment at  the  mouth  of  the  river,  where 
is  a  convenient  steamboat  landing,  a 
store  and  storehouse,  a  few  dwellings 
and  Indian  wigwams,  surrounded  by 
cleared  lands.  This  is  an  Hudson  Bay 
Company's  Post,  where  goods  and  In- 
dian curiosities  are  sold.  Here  parties 
intending  to  fish  for  trout  in  the  river 
disembark,  and  by  means  of  birch  ca- 
noes, paddled  by  Indian  guides,  they 
ascend  the  stream,  often  proceeding  to 
Lake  Nepigon,  passing  over  sevei*al  port- 
ages on  their  route. 

No  words  can  faithfully  describe  the 
wild  beauties  of  this  region  of  country, 
surrounded  by  rugged  hills,  dashing 
streams,  placid  lakes,  water-falls,  and 
rapids.  Here  brook  trout  of  a  large 
size  are  taken  in  fabulous  numbers,  and 
of  a  delicious  flavor.  No  place  on  the 
Continent  of  America  exceeds  this  ro- 
mantic spot,  which  will  ever  afford  sport 
to  the  angler  and  seekers  of  pleasure. 


Nepigon  River —  Its  Rapids  and 
Lakes. 

Copied    from    Report    of    Egbert 
Bell,  C.  E. 

The  Nepigon  River  empties  into  the 
head  of  Nepigon  Bay,  which  is  the  most 
northern  point  of  Lake  Superior,  (48° 
45''  N.  lat.)  The  water  is  remarkable 
for  its  coldness  and  purity,  and  is  the 
largest  stream  flowing  into  the  lake. 
The  general  upward  course  of  the  Nepi- 
gon is  due  north,  the  length  of  the  river 
being  31  miles.  Four  lakes  occur  in  its 
course,  between  which  are  rapids  and 
falls.  The  lowest,  Lake  Helen,  is  only 
one  mile  from  Bed  Bock,  a  Hudson  Bay 
Company's  post,  at  the  head  of  Nepigon 
Harbor.  At  the  outlet  of  this  lake  the 
river  is  very  narrow,  apparently  about 
100  yards  wide,  with  a  very  swift  current, 
flowing  between  banks  from  thirty  to  fifty 


NEPIQON   RIVER  AND  RAPIDS. 


feet  high.  Lake  Helen,  which  runs  due 
north,  is  about  eight  miles  long  and  one 
mile  wide.  For  six  miles  above  the 
lake  the  river  has  a  width  of  about  five 
chains,  with  deep  water,  and  a  moder- 
ately strong  current.  Here  the  river 
makes  a  sharp  bend  to  the  right,  and  is 
broken  by  a  slight  chute  at  Camp  Alex- 
ander. At  a  quarter  of  a  mile  above 
this  point  the  Long  Rapids  begin,  and 
continue  for  two  miles.  Here  is  a  port- 
age that  leads  to  the  foot  of  Lake  Jessie. 
This  lake,  which  is  three  miles  long,  and 
studded  with  islands,  is  separated  from 
Lake  Maria,  immediately  above  it,  and 
two  and  a  half  miles  in  length,  by  "The 
Narrows,"  six  or  eight  chains  wide,  in 
which  there  is  a  strong  current. 

A  very  high  west-facing  cliff  of  col- 
umnar trap  approaches  the  river  from 
the  south-westward,  at  the  head  of  Lake 
Maria,  and  runs  from  this  point,  in  a 
tolerably  straight  course,  all  along  the 
east  side  of  the  river  to  Lake  Nepigon. 
Cedar  Portage,  two  miles  above  the  lake, 
is  250  yards  long.  A  mile  and  a  quarter 
above  it  there  is  another  portage  of  fifty 
yards  over  an  island  in  the  middle  of 
the  river.  Three-quarters  of  a  mile 
above  Island  Portage  the  One-Mile  Port- 
age begins.  At  rather  more  than  one 
mile  from  the  head  of  this  portage  the 
river  breaks  in  a  white,  foaming  chute, 
which  separates  Lake  Emma  from  the 
lower  level.  This  lake  is  nearly  four 
miles  long.  Between  it  and  the  point  at 
which  the  river  leaves  Lake  Nepigon,  a 
distance  of  six  miles,  four  principal 
rapids  occur,  the  lowest  of  which  is  seen 
where  the  river  enters  the  northern  ex- 
tremity of  Lake  Emma.  Four  miles 
more,  in  a  north-westerly  course,  brings 
us  to  the  head  of  Lake  Hannah,  from 
which  Flat  Rock  Portage,  one  mile  in 
length,  carries  us  to  the  shore  of  Lake 
Nepigon. 

The  following  list  shows  the  levels  in 
ascending  the  river,  and  the  height  of 
Lake  Nepigon  above  Lake  Superior : 


Rapids,  Portages,  etc.  Feet. 

Current  between  Red  Rock  and  Lake 

Helen 2 

Current  in  river  from  Lake  Helen  to 

Camp  Alexander 6 

Chute  at  Camp  Alexander 4 

From  the  last  to  Long  Portage 8 

Rapids  at  Long  Portage 137 

Current  in   the   Narrows,   between 

Lakes  Jessie  and  Maria 1 

Current  from  last  lake  to  Cedar  Port- 
age        1 

Cedar  Chute 10 

Current  from  Cedar  Chute  to  Island 

Chute 1 

Island  Chute 7 

Current  from  the  Island  to  the  One- 
Mile  Portage 2 

Rapids  of  One-Mile  Portage 45 

Current  from  One-Mile  Portage  to 

White  Chute 1 

White  Chute 6 

Current  between  Lakes  Emma  and 

Hannah 1 

Rise  from  last  lake  to  Lake  Nepigon 
(Flat  Rock  Portage) 81 

Lake  Nepigon*  above  Lake  Superior  313 

Waters  of  the  Nepkjon. 

"Good  water  is  a  luxury  that  cannot 
be  over-estimated.  In  this  respect,  the 
sportsman  angling  for  trout  on  the  Nepi- 
gon is  favored  above  all  others.  He  has 
always  before  him  a  never-failing  supply, 
so  remarkable  for  its  coldness  and  its 
purity  that  even  those  who  have  drunk 
of  it  habitually  for  years  cannot  but 
speak  of  it  whenever  they  taste  its  re- 
freshing waters.  Its  temperature  is  too 
cold  for  bathing,  and  a  morning  ablution 
brings  a  rosy  glow  to  the  cheeks  that  the 
fairest  belle  might  envy."  -  . 

*  Nqnqon,  the  name  by  which  the  lake  is 
known,  is  a  contraction  of  an  Indian  word  sig- 
nifying "  Deep  Clear-water  Lake."  It  is  about 
70  miles  long  and  50  miles  wide,  being  deeply 
indented  by  large  bays,  having  a  coast-line  of 
upwards  of  500  mile's,  and  numerous  islands, 
numbering  upwards  of  one  thousand. 


: 


42 


LA^IE  SUPERIOR  GUIDE. 


Nepigon  River,  Rapids,  and  Lake. 

"  The  Nepigon,"  says  Hallock  in  his 
Fishing  Tourist,  "  is  a  noble  stream,  with 
waters  cold  and  clear  as  crystal,  flowing, 
with  a  volume  five  hundred  feet  wide, 
into  a  magnificent  bay  of  great  extent. 
This  bay  is  surrounded  by  long  undula- 
ting ranges  of  hills,  rugged  precipices, 
huge  bluff's,  and  lofty  hills  more  or  less 
wooded  with  evergreens,  interspersed 
with  deciduous  trees,  and  filled  with 
islands  of  all  sizes  and  every  variety 
of  outline. 

"  The  first  rapids  on  the  river  occur 
about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  above  the  land- 
ing at  Red  Rock,  and  are  a  mile  in  length. 
Tiiey  can  be  run  by  canoes  with  safety, 
while  a  portage  road  passes  along  the 
shore.  There  are  fifteen  rapids  or  chutes 
in  all,  and  at  each  there  is  the  best  of 
trout  fishing.  Three  miles  below  the 
head  of  the  river  are  the  Virgin  Falls, 
25  feet  high.  Altogether  the  scenery  is 
the  wildest  and  most  diversified  imagin- 
able, and  constantly  presents  changes  of 
the  most  enchanting  character.  Above 
the  falls  the  river  widens  gradually,  in- 
closing within  its  area  dozens  of  small 
islands  variegated  with  evergreens,  birch, 
poplar,  larch,  tamarack,  etc.,  and  then 
expands  into  a  vast  inland  sea,  whose 
shores  gradually  recede  beyond  the  limit 
of  vision.  In  the  far  distance,  horizon, 
sky,  and  water  meet,  and  the  waves  roll 
up  on  shore  with  a  volume  and  dash  as 
turbulent  in  storm  as  those  of  Erie  or 
Superior.  Its  bays  are  numerous ;  some 
of  them  very  deep,  extending  inland  for 
a  number  of  miles  —  all  teeming  with 
speckled  trout,  lake  trout,  pike,  and 
])ickerel  in  great  quantities.  Into  it 
(lows  several  rivers  that  have  their 
sources  in  the  heights  of  land  which 
constitute  the  water-shed  that  divides 
the  waters  of  tlie  St.  Lawrence  chain 
from  those  of  Hudson  Bay." 


Lake  Nepigon  Explored. 


IfflU 


For  many  generations  the  existence 
of  Lake  Nepigon  has  been  known,  but 
only  partially,  to  the  traders,  trappers, 
and  Indians  in  the  employ  of  the  Hud- 
son's Bay  Fur  Company.  The  general 
impression  has  been,  that  Lake  Nepigon 
was  located  about  80  miles  north  of  Lake 
Superior,  and  that  it  was  as  large  as 
Lake  Erie.  But  during  the  past  three 
years  the  Government  of  Canada  has 
been  extending  its  surveys  to  the  public 
lands  along  the  North  Shore  of  Lake 
Superior,  past  Fort  William  toward  the 
Red  River  country.  Mr.  Herrick,  one 
of  the  provincial  surveyors,  made  a  tra- 
verse of  the  Nepigon  River  in  1866,  and 
found  the  distance  to  the  lake  to  be  in  a 
right  line  less  than  thirty  miles. 

The  lake,  instead  of  lying  east  and 
west  for  two  miles  in  length,  has  its 
longest  diameter  north  and  south,  seventy 
miles;  its  breadth  east  and  west  being 
fifty  miles.  Its  height  above  Lake  Su- 
perior is  determined  approximately  at 
313  feet,  or  913  above  the  ocean. 

In  1869,  Robert  Bell,  an  assistant  geol- 
ogist and  engineer  of  the  Canada  survey, 
in  company  with  surveyor  McKellar, 
made  the  entire  circuit  of  Lake  Nepigon, 
exploring  it  topographically  and  geo- 
logically. 

From  the  reports  and  maps  of  these 
bold  explorers  it  is  learned  that  Lake 
Nepigon  is  accessible  and  has  around  it 
a  valuable  country.  It  has  a  shore  line 
of  about  five  hundred  and  eighty  miles 
of  navigable  water,  and  probably  one 
thousand  islands.  Its  waters  are  clear, 
cold,  and  pure,  and  its  outlet  is  the 
largest  river  of  Lake  Superior.  A  large 
part  of  the  rocks  are  such  as  produce 
copper. 

Near  the  south-west  angle  of  the  lake 
at  Grand  Bay,  with  only  -^  few  feet  of 
elevation  between  them,  the  Black  Stur- 
geon River  has  its  rise.  The  space  be- 
tween them  is  so  narrow  and  so  low  that 
iu  a  high  stage  of  the  lake  the  waters 


. 


LAKE  NEPIQON  —  BLACK   BAY  — SILVER  ISLET. 


43 


appear  to  flow  over  the  intervening 
ground  from  the  lake  into  the  head  of 
this  river.  Nepigon,  in  Chippewa,  sig- 
nifies deep  and  clear  water. 

When  the  party  reached  tlie  head  of 
the  river  at  the  lake,  they  divided, 
McKellar  following  the  right  hand  or 
eastern  shore,  and  Bell  the  western. 

They  travelled  in  canoes,  Indian  fash- 
ion, taking  the  courses  with  a  theodolite, 
and  the  distances  with  a  micrometer. 
They  also  took  observations  for  latitude 
and  longitude.  At  the  end  of  eight 
weeks  they  met  at  the  northern  extremity 
of  the  lake,  having  had  a  pleasant  and 
prosperous  journey. 

The  latitude  of  the  northern  extremity 
is  50°  15''  north.  Its  surroundings  are 
less  mountainous  than  Lake  Superior. 
To  the  north,  between  Nepigon  and 
Hudson's  Bay,  the  country  is  represented 
by  the  Indians  to  be  comparatively  level. 

The  Onihcibika  River  coming  in  from 
that  direction  heads  with  the  Albany 
Kiver,  which  discharges  into  salt  water 
at  James'  Bay,  and  between  them  is  sup- 
posed to  be  a  flat  limestone  region.  This 
is  one  of  the  routes  of  the  Hudson  Bay 
Company  to  their  posts  on  Hudson  Bay. 

South-west  of  Lake  Nepigon,  between 
it  and  Thunder  Bay  of  Lake  Superior, 
the  country  is  represented  as  capable 
of  cultivation,  and  the  climate  the  coun- 
terpart of  Quebec. 


By  referring  to  the  map  can  be  seen 
the  route  usually  pursued  by  the  Cana- 
dian steamers;  also,  the  islands  and 
headlands  along  the  North  Shore. 


On  leaving  Nepigon  River  and  Bay, 
proceeding  westward  toward  Thunder 
Bay,  the  steamer  usually  passes  through 
Nepigon  Straits,  lying  between  St.  Ig- 
nace  and  the  mainland.  Then  the  broad 
waters  of  Lake  Superior  are  again  en- 
tered, and  you  steam  past  numerous 
islands  before  reaching  JPoint  Poi'phyry, 
where  is  located  a  light-house  to  guide 
the  mariner. 

Black  Bay,  15  miles  east  of  Thunder 
Cape,  presents  a  large  expanse  of  water, 
being  about  40  miles  long  and  10  or  12 
miles  wide,  surrounded  by  a  nigged  and 
wild  section  of  country.  Towards  the 
north  are  two  peaked  eminences,  termed 
the  Mamelons  or  Paps,  from  their  singu- 
lar formation,  resembling  a  female's 
breast,  when  seen  at  a  distance. 

On  approaching  the  famed  Silver  Islet 
from  the  east,  the  view  presented  is  of  the 
grandest  and  most  interesting  character, 
— the  Island,  with  its  treasures  of  wealth, 
and  Silver  Islet  Settlement,  are  seen  in 
the  foreground,  while  bold  Thunder  Cape 
and  romantic  Pie  Island  are  seen  in  the 
distance.  Also,  southward,  may  be  seen 
Isle  Royale  and  Passage  Island,  both 
being  attached  to  the  Stat«  of  Michigan. 


f*. 


Trip  from  Marquette  to  Silver  Islet, 

North  Shore,  Lake  Superior. 


Leave  Marquette  at  2  P.  M.  by 
steamer,  with  a  large  party  of  tourists  on 
board,  bound  for  Silver  Islet  and  Duluth. 
Arrive  at  Houghton,  85  miles,  at  9  P. 
M. ;  leave  at  4  A.M.  next  morning  for 
Silver  Islet,  distant  150  miles  from  Mar- 
quette by  direct  route.  Pass  Keweenaw 
Point  and  Copper  Harbor  at  11  A.  M. 
Fresh  wind  from  the  N.W.,  steering 
northward ;  thermometer  42°  Falir.  Pass 


Passage  Island  at  4  P.  M.,  running  direct 
for  Thunder  Cape.  The  N.E.  part  of 
Isle  Royale  presents  a  rugged  appear- 
ance; the  highest  part  being  elevated 
500  feet.  Arrive  at  Silver  Islet  or 
Ryanton  at  6  P.  M. ;  distant  24  miles 
E.  of  Fort  William.  Take  a  tug-boat 
and  visit  Silver  Islet  Mine,  lying  3,000 
feet  from  the  mainland ;  descend  down 
the  shaft,  within  the  coffer  dam,  about 


44 


LAKE  SUPERIOR  GUIDE. 


1^ 


100  feet,  by  means  of  ladders,  tlie  pas- 
sage being  lighted  by  candles;  length 
opened,  about  70  feet  from  south  to  north  ; 
vein  about  8  feet  wide  with  a  dip  of  75°. 
On  arriving  at  the  end  of  the  o[)ening 
a  rich  sight  was  presented  to  our  view, 
the  face  of  the  mine  sparkling  with  sil- 
ver as  viewed  by  candle-light.  The  ore 
yields  from  $2,000  to  $4,000  a  ton. 

Silver  Islet  or  Ryanton  lies  on  the  main- 
land, having  a  secure  harbor  and  easy 
of  access,  with  a  convenient  wliarf  for 
the  shipment  of  silver  ore,  which  is  mostly 


put  up  in  barrels  for  the  purpose  of  trans- 
portation. 

Mining  for  silver  has  been  commenced 
on  the  mainland  near  the  water's  edge, 
wiiich  bids  fair  to  be  very  productive. 
The  vein  has  been  traced  for  several 
miles  noithward  in  a  straight  line  from 
Silver  Islet.  Back  of  the  settlement  lies 
Surprise  Lake,  while  Thunder  Gape,  to  the 
westward,  rises  almost  perpendicular 
from  the  waters  of  Lake  Superior,  here 
containing  several  small  rocky  islands 
scattered  along  the  coast. 


:*: 


Silver  Island,  T    ^e   Superior. 


"  Silver  Tslet,  a  desolate  rock  some 
70  or  80  feet  nquare,  projecting  from  the 
stormy  waters  of  Lake  Superior,  lies 
some  3,000  feet  away  from  the  Canadian 
Shore  of  Lake  Superior,  south  of  Thun- 
der Bay,  off  Thunder  Cape,  24  miles  east 
of  Fort  William,  and  until  recently  was 
regarded  merely  as  a  danger  to  naviga- 
tion, an  object  to  be  scrupulously  avoided. 
Now,  it  is  known  that  the  rocks  of  the 
island  and  its  vicinity  are  rich  in  sil- 
ver, and  arrangements  have  been  made 
for  mining  in  them,  even  as  far  aa  the 
mainland,  if  found  desirable.  The  island 
is  so  low,  and  such  a  mere  speck  in  the 
lake,  that  in  a  sea  the  waves  were  wont 
to  wash  entirely  over  it,  rendering  it  alto- 
gether uninhabitable,  and  presenting 
great  difficulties  in  the  way  of  opening 
a  vein.  It  became  necQssary  that  break- 
waters should  be  built  all  about  it,  and 
large  expenses  incurred  before  the  loca- 
tion could  be  worked  at  all.  The  pres- 
ent owners  bought  the  property  from  a 
Montreal  Company,  and  commenced 
building  breakwaters  Sept.  1, 1870.  Be- 
fore the  close  of  navigation  in  Nov., 
they  had  completed  their  erection,  and 
had  mined  22  days,  sending  to  the  smelt- 
ing works  in  New  Jersey  some  $100,000 
worth  of  ore. 

"  The  miners  are  now  boring  and  blast- 
ing 100  or  200  feet  below  the  surface,  and, 
though  they  will  deepen  the  passages  as 
they  go  forward  with  the  mine,  it  is 


thoi;;r  '  hat  no  very  deep  work  will  be 
required,  even  in  getting  safely  beneath 
ti>  ■  Mirface  of  the  Lake  and  working 
to\.  aio  *he  •!  inland,  3,000  feet  distant. 
All  indicaticiis  pw.ntto  the  great  success 
of  the  enterprise,  and  incline  one  to  the 
belief  that  this  recent  addition  to  the 
mineral  wealth  of  Lake  Superior  is  one 
of  the  ^ost  brilliant  discoveries  that 
have  been  made  in  that  marvellous  re- 
gion." The  treasure  shipped  in  1871 
amounted  to  $820,000;  in  1872,  about 
$1,000,000. 

Silver  Islet  Settlement  is  a  flourish- 
ing village  near  Thunder  Cape,  oppo- 
site Silver  Islet,  on  the  main  shore. 
Some  60  or  80  dwellings  are  already 
erected  for  the  accommodation  of  the 
miners,  and  bids  fair  to  be  the  nucleus 
of  a  large  mining  town.  A  church,  a 
hotel,  and  school-house  have  been  erected 
by  the  Silver  Mining  Company. 

From  a  map  issued  by  the  Crown  Land 
Department  of  Canada,  showing  a  pro- 
posed route  around  the  North  Shore  of 
Lake  Superior,  it  gives  the  course  of 
numerous  streams  and  locates  some  good 
timbered  lands.  The  trees  are  mostly 
birch,  balsam,  cedar,  spruce,  pine,  and 
hard  maple  on  the  high  ridges.  Iron, 
copper,  and  silver  ore  are  also  found  for  a 
distance  of  400  or  600  miles  from  near 
Saut  Ste.  Marie  to  Prince  Arthur's  Land- 
ing, situated  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Kaministiquia  Kiver. 


J 


PRINCE  ARTHUIi'S   LANDING. 


45 


, 


Thunder  Bay  presents  a  large  ex- 
panse of  water,  being  about  25  miles  in 
length  and  from  10  to  15  miles  wide, 
into  which  flow  several  small  streams, 
abounding  in  speckled  trout.  Thunder 
(Jupe,  on  the  east,  is  a  most  remarkable 
and  bold  highland,  being  elevated  1,350 
feet  above  Lake  Superior.  It  rises  in 
some  places  almost  perpendicular,  pre- 
senting a  basaltic  appearance,  having  on 
ita  summit  an  extinct  volcano.  From 
the  elevated  portions  of  this  cape  a  grand 
and  imposing  view  is  obtained  of  sur- 
rounding mountuins,  headlands,  and 
islands  —  overlooking  Ide  Royale  to  the 
south,  and  the  north  shore  from  McKay's 
Mountain  to  the  mouth  of  Pigeon  Kiver, 
near  Grand  Portage,  Minn. 

Thunder  Bay  and  its  vicinity  has  long 
been  the  favorite  residence  of  Indian 
tribes  who  now  roam  over  this  vast  sec- 
tion of  country,  from  Lake  Superior  to 
Hudson  Bay  on  the  north.  The  moun- 
tain peaks  they  look  upon  with  awe  and 
veneration,  often  ascribing  some  fabulous 
legend  to  prominent  localities.  A  learned 
Missionary,  in  describing  this  interesting 
portion  of  Lake  Superior  and  its  inhabi- 
tants, remarked,  that  "the  old  Indians 
were  of  the  opinion  that  thunder  clouds 
are  large  gigantic  birds,  having  their 
nests  on  high  hills  or  mountains,  and  who 
make  themselves  heard  and  seen  very  far 
off.  The  head  they  described  as  resem- 
bling that  of  a  huge  eagle,  having  on  one 
side  a  wing  and  one  paw,  on  tlie  other 
side  an  arm  and  one  foot.  The  lightning 
is  supposed  to  issue  from  the  extremity 
of  the  beak  through  the  paw,  with  which 
they  launch  it  forth  in  fiery  darts  over 
the  surrounding  country." 

Pie  Island,  in  the  Indian  dialect 
called  "Mahkeneeng"  or  Tortoise,  bound- 
ing Thunder  Bay  on  the  south,  is  about 
8  miles  long  and  5  miles  wide,  and  pre- 
sents a  most  singular  appearance,  being 
elevated  at  one  point  850  feet  above  the 
lake.  This  bold  eminence  is  shaped  like 
an  enormous  slouched  hat,  or  inverted  pie, 


'  giving  name  to  the  island  by  the  French 
or  Fiiglish  explorers,  while  the  Indians 
gave  it  ih.e  nanjc  of  tortoise  from  its  sin- 
gular shape.  This  elevated  j)oint  is  ba- 
saltic, rising  perpendicular  mar  llie  (op, 
like  the  Palisades  of  tiie  Hudson  Kiver. 


Prince  Arthur's  Landing,  District  of 
Thunder  Bay,  Ont.,  is  favorably  situated 
on  the  west  side  of  Thunder  Bay,  'S\ 
miles  north  of  Fort  "William.  Here  is 
a  government  wharf,  a  court-house  and 
register's  office,  a  town  hall,  2  churches, 
4  hotels,  12  or  15  stores,  about  200  dwell- 
ing houses,  and  800  inhabitants. 

A  government  road  extends  from  this 
Landing  westward  toward  Fort  (Jarry, 
Manitoba.  There  are  also  in  the  vicinity 
several  rich  silver  mines,  as  yet  but  par- 
tially developed. 

Current  River,  3  miles  above  Prince 
Arthur's  Landing,  is  a  dashing  trout 
stream,  where  is  a  beautiful  fall  near 
the  shore  of  Thunder  Bay.  On  McKen- 
zi^s  Hirer,  about  20  miles  north-east,  are 
found  rich  deposits  of  amethyst. 

The  view  presented  on  approaching 
Thunder  Bay  is  perhaps  the  grandest 
sight  on  the  shores  of  Lake  Superior. 
Here  may  be  seen  from  the  deck  of  the 
steamer  Thunder  Cape,  with  its  Sleeping 
Giant;  Pie  Island,  assuming  the  singu- 
lar shape  of  a  slouched  hat;  McKay's 
Mountain,  lying  westward  on  the  main 
land  ;  the  \Velcome  Islands,  and  numerous 
other  islands  and  headlands  in  the  dis- 
tance, altogether  presenting  a  most  mag- 
nificent view  of  land  and  water. 

The  Military  Road,  running  from 
Prince  Arthur's  Landing  to  Manitoba, 
is  443  miles  in  length,  of  which  138  is 
by  land  (eleven  portages)  and  305  miles 
by  water.  This  route  passes  through 
Lake  Shebandowan  and  the  new  gold 
region,  some  CO  or  70  miles  west  of 
Thunder  Bay,  Lake  Superior,  continu- 
ing westward  through  Rainy  Lake  and 
the  Lake  of  the  Woods  to  Lake  Winni- 
peg. 


i   ^-f 


H^ 


f  i  t 


I  ' 


i,-: 


46 


LAKE  SUPERIOR  GUIDE. 


Silver  Mining  Companies  on  the 
North  Shore,  L.  S. 

Algoma  Mine,  Thunder  Bay. 

3  A  Mine,  Thunder  Bay. 

3  B  Mine,  Tiiunder  Bay. 

Cornish  Mine,  Thunder  Bay. 

Dawson  Mine,  Thunder  Bay. 

Howland  Mine,  near  Pigeon  River. 

Jarvis  Island  Mine. 

Ontario  Mine,  Thunder  Bay. 

Shuniah,  Thunder  Bay. 

Silver  Harbor  or  Beck,  Thunder  Bay. 

Silver  Islet,  near  North  Shore. 

Thunder  Bay  Mine. 

Trowbridge  Mine. 


Fort  William,  an  important  Hud- 
son Bay  Company's  Post,  is  advanta- 
geously situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ka- 
niinistiquia  Kiver,  in  north  latitude  48 
degrees  23  minutes,  west  longitude  89 
degrees  27  miiuites.  Here  is  a  conveni- 
ent wharf  and  safe  harbor,  the  bar  off 
the  mouth  of  the  river  affording  7  or  8 
feet  of  water,  which  can  easily  be  in- 
creased by  dredging.  The  Company's 
buildings  consist  of  a  spacious  dwelling- 
house,  a  store,  and  3  storehouses,  besides 
some  10  or  12  houses  for  the  accommo- 
dation of  the  attaches  and  servants  in  the 
employ  of  the  above  Company.  The 
land  is  cleared  for  a  considerable  dis- 
tance on  both  sides  of  the  river,  present- 
ing a  thrifty  and  fertile  appearance. 
Wheat,  rye,  oats,  barley,  potatoes,  and 
most  kinds  of  vegetables  can  here  be 
raised ;  also  grass  and  clover  of  different 
kinds.  The  early  frosts  are  the  great 
hindrance  to  this  whole  section  of  coun- 
try, which  is  rich  in  minerals,  timber, 


furs,  and  fish  ;  altogether  producing  a 
great  source  of  wealth  to  the  comnnnuty. 
Pine,  spruce,  hemlock,  cypress,  and  bal- 
sam trees  are  common,  also  white  birch, 
sugar-maple,  elm,  and  ash,  together  with 
some  hardy  fruit  -  bearing  trees  and 
shrubs. 

The  Roman  Catholic  Mission,  situated 
2  miles  above  the  Company's  post,  on  the 
opposite  side  of  the  river,  is  an  interest- 
ing local itv.  Here  is  a  lioman  Catholic 
church  and  some  50  or  (50  houses,  being 
mostly  inhabited  by  half-breeds  and  civil- 
ized Indians,  numbering  about  300  souls. 
The  good  influence  of  the  Roman  Catho- 
lic priests  along  the  shores  of  Lake  Su- 
perior are  generally  admitted  by  all 
unprejudiced  visitors  —  the  poor  and 
often  degraded  Indian  being  instructed 
in  agriculture  and  industrial  pursuits, 
tending  to  elevate  the  human  species  in 
every  clime. 

McKaifs  Mountain,  lying  3  miles  west 
of  Fort  William,  near  the  Roman  Catho- 
lic Mission,  presents  an  abrupt  and  grand 
appearance  from  the  water,  being  ele- 
vated 1,000  feet.  Far  inland  are  seen 
other  high  ranges  of  hills  and  mountains, 
presenting  altogether,  in  connection  with 
the  islands,  a  most  interesting  and  sub- 
lime view. 

Kaministiquia,  or  "  Gah-mahnate/c- 
vmiahk"  River,  signifying,  in  the  Chip- 
pewa language,  the  ^^  place  where  there  are 
many  cuirents,"  empties  its  waters  into 
Thunder  Bav.  This  beautiful  stream 
affords  navigation  for  about  12  miles, 
when  rapids  are  encountered  by  the  as- 
cending voyageur.  Some  30  miles  above 
its  mouth  is  a  fall  of  about  200  feet  per- 
pendicular descent. 


Extracts  from  Report  on  the  Geology  of  the  Lake  Superior  Country. 


Northern  Shore.  —  "Beginning  at 
Pigeon  Jiay,  the  boundary  between  the 
United  States  and  the  British  Posses- 
sions (N.  hit.  48°),  we  find  the  eastern 
portion  of  the  peninsula  abounds  with 


bold  rocky  cliflis,  consisting  of  trap  and 
re<^l  granite. 

"  The  Falls  of  Pigeon  River,  eighty  or 
ninety  feet  in  heiglit,  are  occasioned  by 
a  trap  dyke  which  cuts  through  a  series 


\  > 


GKCLOGY  OF  THE  LAKE  SUPKniOR  COUNTRY. 


47 


i>f  sliite  rocks  hifrlily  indurated,  and  very  ] 
similar  in  nuneralo<ric'al  cliaracters  totiie  | 
old  graywacke  group.  Tra})  dykes  and  i 
interlaniinatod  masses  of  traps  were  ob-  j 
"'irved  in  the  slate  near  the  falls. 

"The  base  of  nearly  all  the  ridges  and 
cliffs  between  Pigeon  Kiver  and  Fort 
William  (situated  at  the  mouth  of  Ka- 
niinistiquia  Kiver),  is  made  up  of  these 
filates  and  the  overlaying  trap.  Some 
of  the  low  islands  exhibit  only  the  gray 
grits  and  slates.  Welcome  IsUmdfi,  in 
Thunder  Bay,  display  no  tra})s,  although 
in  the  distance  they  resemble  igneous 
products,  the  joints  being  more  obvious 
than  the  planes  of  stratification,  thus 
giving  a  rude  semi-columnar  aspect  to 
the  cliffs. 

"  At  Princess  Bay,  and  also  along  the 
chain  of  Islands  which  line  the  coast, 
including  Spar,  Victoria,  Jarvis,  and  Pie 


Islands,  the  slates  with  the  crowning 
traps  are  admirably  disj)layed.  At  the 
llritish  and  North  American  Company's 
works  the  slates  are  traversed  by  a  heavy 
vein  of  cab -spar  and  amethystine  quartz, 
yielding  gray  sulphuret  and  pyritous 
c()[)per  smd  galena.  From  the  vein 
where  it  cuts  the  overlaying  trap  on  the 
main  shore,  considerable  silver  has  been 
extracted. 

"  At  Thunder  Gape,  the  slates  form  one 
of  the  most  picturesque  lieadlands  on 
the  whole  coast  of  Lake  Superior.  They 
are  made  up  of  variously-colored  beds, 
such  as  compose  the  upper  group  of  Sir 
Wm.  Logan,  and  repose  in  a  nearly  hor- 
izontal position.  These  detrital  rocks 
attain  a  thickness  of  nearly  a  thousand 
feet,  and  are  crowned  with  a  sheet  of 
tra])pean  rock  three  hundred  feet  in 
thickness." 


I 


Specklku  Trout  fromNepigon  River— Weighing  5J^  lbs.  each. 


)^,-:\,^-T  r^/M  '.ii-  wr.^.. , .  .<JL. , ..-»- 


ISLE  RO YALE  — LAKE  SUPERIOR. 


As  tliis  large  and  importiiut  Island, 
attacht'tl  to  Michigan,  is  attracting  much 
attention,  owing  to  its  mineral  deposits, 
we  copy  the  following  account  from  a 
late  number  of  the  Ontotiayon  Miner, 
May,  1874.  . 

"  The  Island  is  situated  near  the  North 
Shore,  but  at  the  time  the  treaty  was 
made  with  Great  Britain,  Benjamin 
Franklin  secured  it  for  the  United 
States.  Its  general  course  is  north-east 
and  south-west;  its  length  about  40 
miles.  The  western  end  is  about  10  miles 
wide,  narrowing  toward  the  east;  distant 
GO  miles  north  from  (Jntonagon. 

"  The  surface  of  the  island  is  rough 
and  uninviting,  although  healthy  and 
cool  during  the  summer  months.  It  is 
almost  entirely  destitute  of  a  large 
growth  of  timber,  its  chief  supply  being 
cedar,  spruce  and  tamarack.  Its  shores 
are  indented  with  numerous  bays  and 
harbors,  many  of  them  being  large 
enough  for  the  entrance  of  steamers  and 
sailing  craft.  In  the  early  days  of  min- 
ing on  Lake  Superior,  Isle  Royale  at- 
tracted much  attention,  —  sav  from  1850 
to  1860.  It  was  then  abandoned,  and 
the  few  dwellings  erected  allowed,  to  go 
to  decay. 

"  During  the  summer  of  1872  an  ex- 
tensive system  of  exploration  was  com- 
menced in  different  parts  of  the  Island. 
Numerous  pits  and  Indian  diggings  were 
found  and  opened,  and  the  veins  proved 
to  be  of  so  much  promise  that  work  was 
continued  throughout  the  season  of  1873, 
and  belts  of  rich  copper-bearing  con- 


gUmierates  were  found  and  opened,  being 
mostly  situated  in  Sections  21)  and  80, 
Town  64  North  of  Range  ol  West.  A 
comj)any  was  formed,  called  the  Island 
Mitwuj  Company,  and  a  large  force  of 
miners  set  to  work  last  fall. 

"  A  vein  of  silver,  apparently  of  great 
promise,  has  also  been  discovered  on  the 
western  end  of  the  Island.  This  will,  no 
doubt,  be  followed  by  other  important 
discoveries,  as  it  lies  on  the  same  range 
with  Silver  Islet,  some  20  or  30  miles 
north,  situated  on  the  Canada  shore." 

Lake  Desor  and  Siskowit  Lake  are 
considerable  bodies  of  water,  lying  near 
the  middle  of  the  Island.  There  are 
also  a  number  of  islands  along  the  coast, 
where  are  several  good  fishing  stations. 

Blake^a  Point  lies  on  the  extreme  north 
end  of  the  Island.  To  the  N.E.,  dis- 
tant 3  miles,  lies  Passage  Island,  and  5 
miles  farther  north  are  the  Oull  Islands, 
all  being  attached  to  the  United  States ; 
the  boundary  line  of  Canada  running 
immediately  north,  in  latitude  48°  15', 
being  the  most  northern  bounds  of  the 
United  States  east  of  the  Lake  of  the 
Woods.       ■  .     : 

Steamers  now  run  from  ports  on  the 
South  Shore  and  from  Duluth  to  Sis- 
kowit Bay,  Washington  Harbor,  and 
Rock  Island  Harbor,  Isle  Royale ;  also, 
to  Pigeon  River,  Thunder  Bay,  and  Sil- 
ver Islet,  forming  a  deeply  interesting 
excursion  during  the  summer  months. 


-a.  'r 


5 


the 

518- 

md 
Iso, 
fi- 
ling 


LATITUDE,  ELEVATION     ABOVE   SEA  -  LEVEL  AND    MEAN 
ANNUAL  TEMPERATURE  OF  SIGNAL  STATIONS 

ON  THE  UPPER  LAKES.  ' 


Alpena,  (Lake  Huron,)  Mich. 
Latitude,  45°  05^ 
Longitude,  83°  30'. 
Elevation  of  Barometer,  608  feet. 
Mean  Annual  Temp.,  43°  Fahr. 

Buffalo,  (Lake  Erie,)  N.  Y. 
Latitude,  42°  53^ 
Longitude,  78°  55^ 
Elevation  of  Barometer,  660  feet. 
Mean  Annual  Temp.,  40^°  Fahr. 

Chicago,  (L.  Michigan,)  111. 
Latitude,  41°  52^ 
Longitude,  87°  38^ 
Elevation  of  Barometer,  650  feet. 
Mean  Annual  Temp.,  47°  Fahr. 

Copper  Harbor,*  (L.  S.,)  Mich. 
Latitude,  47°  30^ 
Longitude,  88°  00^ 
Elevation  of  Barometer,  620  feet 
Mean  Annual  Temp.,  40°  Fahr. 

Cleveland,  (Lake  Erie,)  Ohio. 
Latitude,  41°  30'. 
Longitude,  81°  74'. 
Elevation  of  Barometer,  682  feet. 
Mean  Annual  Temp.,  49°  Fahr. 

Detroit,  (Detroit  River,)  Mich. 
Latitude,  42°  21'. 
Longitude,  83°  07'. 
Elevation  of  Barometer,  656  feet. 
Mean  Annual  Temp.,  47°  Fahr. 

DuLUTH.  (L.  S.,)  Minn. 
Latitude,  46°  48'. 
Longitude,  92°  06'. 
Elevation  of  Barometer,  642  feet. 
Mean  Annual  Temp.,  40°  Fahr. 


Erie,  (Lake  Erie,)  Penna. 
Latitude,  42°  07'. 
Longitude,  80°  03'.      " 
Elevation  of  Barometer,  671  feet. 
Mean  Animal  Temp.,  48°  Fahr. 

Escanaba,  (Green  Bay,)  Wis. 
Latitude,  40°  44'. 
Longitude,  87°  16' 
Elevation  of  Barometer,  600  feet. 
Mean  Annual  Temp.,  41°  Fahr. 

Grand  Haven,  (L.  M.,)  Mich. 
Latitude,  43°  05'. 
Longitude,  86°  15'. 
Elevation  of  Barometer.  61 6  feet. 
Mean  Annual  Temp.,  47°  Fahr. 

Mackinac,*  (Lake  Huron,)  Mich. 
Latitude,  45°  51'. 
Longitude,  84°  33'. 
Elevation  of  Barometer,  700«feet. 
Mean  Annual  Temp.,  41°  Fahr. 

Marquette,  (L.  S.,)  Mich. 
Latitude,  46°  33'. 
Longitude,  87°  36'. 
Elevation  of  Barometer,  666  feet. 
Mean  Annual  Temp.,  40°  Fahr. 

Milwaukee,  (L.  M.,)  Wis. 
Latitude,  43°  03'. 
Longitude,  87°  54'. 
Elevation  of  Barometer,  661  feet. 
Mean  Annual  Temp.,  46 i°  Fahr. 

Toledo,  (Lake  Erie,)  Ohio. 
Latitude,  41°  40'. 
Longitude,  83°  32'. 
Elevation  of  Barometer,  649  feet, 
Mean  Annual  Temp.,  50°  Fahr, 


/ 


••1 


■■'-i  ■ 


Note.— Variation  of  Mean  .Annual  Temperature,  from  40°  to  50° 

*  Not  Signal  Stations, 

■■..  .49 


~'T*"<*'<"I«'*"4" 


mmm 


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J(r,3H'Ktm   HO    hTOSlffO   WiOVT*"^U«  JWAJl 


9^' 


."      LAKE    srPERIOR,    v*.*  -vii-- '^k  '^^^vVi   '^•. 

Its  Bays,  Harbors,  Islands,  Tribntnrlci,  Ac. 

Objects  or  Interest  on  the  tsouTH  Shore.  "  '.       .         '  ^ 

r'l       .•';,    .  :   .   -  '■■'-     .      ■ 


6uut  Stc.  marie,  Mich.  N. 
lat.  4G''30',  W.  lonp.  84°43'. 
Hoad  of  Ship  Canal  andRapids, 

Roil  lid  Island  and  Light, ........ 

Wttiska  Bay, 

Iroquois  Point  and  Light, 

Toquaraenon  Bay  and  River, .... 

White  Fish  Point  and  Light,  .... 

Carp  River,    

Two-Heart  Rivor, 

Sucker  River, 

Grand  Marais  River,   

Grand  Sauble,  300  feet  high,. . . . 

Cascade  Falls,  100  feet, 

The  Chapel,..; ' 

Arched  Rock,  or  Grand 
Portail, I  Pictured 

Sail  Rock, [  Rocks. 

Tlio  Amphitheatre,  . . . 

Minor's  Castle,  &  River,  ^ 

Griind  Island  and  Harbor, 

Munising,  and  Iron  Works 

Onota,  Schoolcraft  Co 

Au  Train  Island,  and  River .... 

An  Sauble  River, 

Harvey^  Mouth  Chocolat  River, . . 

MaRQUFJTTE  *  AND  LiGIIT,   N.  lat. 
4G"ii2',  W.  long.  8r41' 

Dead  River, 

Presque  Isle, 

Middle  Island, 

Granite  Point  and  Island, 

Garlic  River, 

Little  Iron  River,  and  Lake  Inde- 
pendence   

Salmon  Trout  River, 

Pino  River  and  Lake 

Huron  Islands  and  Light, 

Huron  Bay,  

Point  Abbaye, 

Keweenaw  Bay  (1 3  miles  wide) 

LAvM,  and  Settlement  (South),  . 


Miles.  *      '"    '  -'    -  '    Miles. 

Portage  Entry  and  Light  (West),.         246 

•    ♦      Portage  Lake, 6-251 

1    Houghton,  f  N.  lat.  46*40',  W. 

6 7        long.  88°30' 8-259 

2 9    Hancock,} 1-260 

1—16    Head  of  Portage  Lake  (8  miles),  268 

9—25  

15 — 40   Trarerso    Island    from    Portage 

20—60        Entry, 10-355 

G— G6    Tobacco  Rivor, 12-261 

12—78   ZacZa5eZ^e,f  and  Bete  Grise Bay    14-281 

12—90    Mount  Houghton  (900  feet  high). 

10-100    Montreal  River  (Fishing  Station),     6-281 

18-118    Keweenaw  Point, 8-295 

2-120    Manitou  Island  and  Light 3-298 

Copper  Harbob,!  N.  lat.  47° 30', 

4-124        W.  long.  88°, 10-308 

2-1 26    Agate  Harbor, 10-318 

2-128    Eagle  Jlarbor  \  and  JAght, 6-324 

3-131    Eagle  River,  f  N.  lat.  47°25',      ■   ■•■ 

3-134        W.  long.  88°20', 9-333 

2-136    Entrance  to  Ship  Canal  A  Portage 

4-140       Lake  Route, 20-353 

9-149    Salmon  Trout  River, 8-366 

6-155    Graveraet  River, 5-366 

12-167    Elm  River, 8-374 

Misery  River, 5-379 

3-170    Sleeping  River, 6-385 

2-172    Flint  Steel  River, 6-391 

1-173    Ontonagon,!  N.  lat.  46°52',  W. 

2-175        long.  89''30' 9-400 

5-180    Iron  River, 11^411 

8-188    Porcupine  Mount'ns,  1,300  ft.  high,    8-419 
Carp  River, 10-429 

10-198    Presque  Isle  River, 6-435 

8-206    Black  River, 6-441 

6-212    Montreal  Biver  boundary  between 

10-222        Michigan  and  Wisconsin, 20-461 

6-228    Maskeg,  or  Bad  River 10-471 

4-232   Chaquamegon Point, Bay, &Light,  11-482 
Ashland^  Wisconsin,  head  Chaqua- 

13-245       megon  Bay. 
60 


LAKE   SUPERIOR — OBJECTS    OF    INTEREST. 


61 


Milen. 

La  Pomte,  Maddino  Island, .....  3-485 
(Tlie  Twelve  Apostle  Islands). 

Bayfield,     Wisconsin,     N.    lat.  -.*»<< 

46''45',  W.  lonp:.  91°3', 3-4S8 

Bass  wood  Island, t-49r) 

Raspberry  Island,  and  Light,. . . .  6-501 

York  Island, 4-505 

Fishing  Island, 4-509 

Bark  Bay  and  Point,   10-519 

Apakwa,  or  Cranberry  River,  . . .  6-525 

Iron  River,    10-635 


Hand 


Burnt  "Wood  River, , 

Poplar  River , 

Cotton  Wood  River, 

Ainioan  River, 

Moutli   Neniadje,   or   Left 
River,  (Alloues  Bay). 

Wisconsin  Point, 

Minnesota  Point  and  Light,   . . . . 
St.  Lonis  B.iy  and  River. 
Superior  City,  Wisconsin, 
I>llllllll,  Minnesota, 


MilM. 

1 0-545 
9-554 
4-558 
2-500 


7-667 
1-668 

1-560 
7-67G 


Shipping  Port  for  Iron,     f  Shipping  Porta  for  Copper. 


„,      •       Objects  of  Interest 

Miles. 
Superior    City,   Wisconsin, 

N.  lat.  46°  4(y,  W.  long.  92°, 

(Superior  Bay.)  ' 

Buluth,  Minn 7 

Lester  River, 6 — 12 

Kassabika  River, 7 — 19 

French  River  (Copper  Mines),  . . .     3 — 22 

Bucfianon, 4 — 26 

Knife  River  (Copper  Mines),    . . .     1 — 27 

Burhnyton, 10 — 37 

Stewart's  River, 3—40 

FJncampment  River  and  Island  . .     3 — 43 

Split  Rock  River, 7—60 

Beaver  Bay,  N.  lat.    47°12',   W. 

long.  91° 10—60 

Palisades, 5 — 65 

Baptism  River, 1 — 66 

Little  Marais, 6—72 

Manitou  River, 3 — 75 

Two-Island  River, 8—83 

Temperance  River, 5 — 88 

Poplar  River, 6 — 94 

Grand    Portage,    Indian    trading 

post,  N.  lat.  47^50',  W.  long. 

90** 16-110 

Isle  Royal,  attached  to  Michigan, 
Pigeon  River,  boundary  between 

the  United  States  and  Canada^    10-120 

Pie  Island,  700  feet  high, 20-140 

Welcome  Island, 7-147 

Mouth  Kaministiquia  River, 


on  the  North  Shore.    ', 

Fort  William,    Canada,  N.   Int. 

48°23',  W,  long.  89*^27', 

Prince  Arthur'' s  Landing,  SJ  miles 
Thun  or  Cape,  1,350  feet  high,. . 

Silver  Islet,  Canada, 

Black  Bay, 

Point  Porphyry, 

Entrance  to  Neepigon  Bay  &  River 

Ste.  Iguace  Island, 

Slate  Islands, 

Pic  Island, 

Peninsula  Harbor, 

Pic  River  and  Harbor, 

Otter  Island,  Head  and  Cove,  . . . 
Miehipicoten  Island,  800  ft.  high, 
Michipicoten,   Harbor   and  River, 

N.  lat.  47  "5G',  W.  long.  85^06'. 

Cape  Gargantua, 

Leach  Island,   

Lizard  Islands, 

Montreal  Island  and  River, 

Mica  Bay  (Copper  Mine), 

Mamainse  Point, 

Batchevvanaung  Bay  (Fishing  St'n) 

Sandy  Islands, 

Maple  Island, 

Goulois  Bay  and  Point, 

Parisien  Island,    

Gros  Cap,  700  feet  high, 

Point  Aux  Pins, 

Saut  Ste.  marie,  Canada,  . . 


Miles. 
3-150 

16-165 

6-170 

6-175 

6-180 

30-210 

10-220 

30-250 

15  -265 

8-273 

10-283 

30-313 

25-338 

45-383 

25-408 

12-420 

6-426 

14-440 

20-460 

6-466 

10-476 

4-480 

7-484 

8-495 

5-500 

10-510 

7-517 

8-625 


:  .< 


I 


■t; 


A 


h 


PENNSYLVANIA 


RAILROAD. 


»^ifi*** 


THE  CREAT  TBONK  LIliE 

,  ,      AND 

United  States  Mail  E>oute 

•  BETWEEN  THE 

ATLANTIC  SEABOARD  AND  THE  MISSISSIPPI  VALLEY ; 
ALSO,  THE  GREAT  LAKES  AND  CANADA, 

'-'      BY  MEANS  OF  ITS  CONNECTIONS.       ' ; 
This  u  iM  most  splendidly  equipped  and  best  constructed 

RAILWAY  LINE  IN  THE  WORLD. 

It  is  Double  Track  and  Stone  Ballasted,  and  is  laid  with  Solid  Sleepers  and 
heavy  Steel  Rails  between  New  York  and  Pittsburgh.  The  Bridges  are  of  Iron 
and  Stone,  and  all  material  used  in  construction  is  subjected  to  the  closest  inspec- 
tion and  highest  tests.  The  Westinghouse  Air  Brake  is  attached  to  all  Passenger 
Trains,  and  the  system  of  Safety  Signals  is  perfect. 

Pullman  Drawing-room,  Sleeping,  and  Parlor  Cars  are  run  on  all  Express 
Trains  from  New  York  and  Philadelphia  to  Chicago,  Cincinnati,  Louisville, 
Indianapolis,  and  St.  Louis  without  change. 

The  scenery  on  this  route,  for  grandeur,  beauty  and  variety,  is  unsurpassed  in 
America.  All  who  contemplate  a  Trip  Across  the  Contimnt,  should 
travel  over  this  famous  Line. 

THROUail  TICKETS 

For  sale  at  the  LOWEST  RATES,  at  all  the  principal  Ticket  Offices  of  the 
Company. 

A.  J.  CASSATT,  General  Manager. 
,     *    D.  M.  BOYD,  Jr.,  Gen'l  Pass.  Agent. 

Philadelphia,  Mav,  1874. 

,  52 


i 


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i^,  C'Llvil 


A,)' 


CLEVELAND,  OHIO. 


-rt; 


THE  LARGEST  AND  BEST  LOCATED 

FIRST-CLASS    HOTEL 

IN^  THE  CITY. 


THE  W 


LL  HOUSE 


Is  not  excelled  by  any  in  the  West  for  its  Comfortable 
Beds,  its  well  supplied  Table,  its  attentive  Servants. 

This  House  is  graded  in  Price  from  THKEE  to  TWO  Dollars  per  day. 

NO  RUNNERS  ARE  EMPLOYED,  AND  TRAVELLERS  MAY  DEPEND  UPON  ALL 
THE  COMFORTS  OF  A  WELL  REGULATED  HOUSE. 

R.  A.  GILLETTE, 


Cleveland,  0.,  April,  1874. 


JPBOrHIJETOB. 


57 


mMM  MmmmAmm 


9 


■1 


JEFFERSON   AVENUE,       .      .      .      .      DETROIT,   MICHIGAN. 

'        >     Fropnetor. 
This  Is  a  largre  and  well-kept  HO'X'£<Xj,  situated  near  the  Steamboat  Landings. 


m^ 


TORONTO,  ONTARIO. 


mm 


'-V-" 


■  i-^  I  'J.  •-.3  iJ"  t 

ihis  Favorite  and  First-Class  Hotel,  situated  on  the 

GOENEE  QF  KI^Q  A^B  YQEE  ^TEEEW^^ 

Is  a  large  and  roomy  edifice,  afibrding  every  comfort  desired 

.  by  the  Travelling  Public.  , 


An  Omnibus  runs  to  and  fVom  the  Eailroad  Depots  and  Steamboat  Landings. 


)  f 


■:i-  V 


GEORGE  P.  SHEARS, 

Proprietor. 


Cf  '.« 


9 


I 


-satag— ^^jfe^. 


'll^W^ 


stMjAwrence  hall, 


..'■^-.f 


MONTREAL. 


Tliis  splendid  Hotel,  which  is  situated  in  the  most  beautiful  part  of  the  City  of 
Montreal,  near  the  Banks  and  Post-Office,  is  furnished  throughout  in  the  best  stylo 
of  the  New  Yorli  and  Boston  Hotels,  and  comprises  a 


A' 

■i 


-      DINING  SALOON  AND  CONCERT  ROOM, 

unequaled  by  any  Hotel  in  Canada. 

§i^  The  TABLE  will  receive  special  attention,  with  the  view  of  rendering  it 
equal,  if  not  superior,  to  any  in  America. 


.  ^.-■v:.-^.y,-_ 


BLOT  AMB   ©©LB  BATHS 

can  be  had  at  all  hours ;  and  an  Omnibus  will  always  be  in  attendance  on  tht 
arrival  or  departure  of  Railway  Cars  and  Steamboats. 

P.  GERIKEW,  Proprietor. 


9 


"trilH'S  HOTEL 

TOBOHTO,  ONTARIO. 


This   Popular   HOTEL  Is  Delightfully  Situated, 

FACING  TORONTO  BAY. 

THOMAS  McGAW,  Manager.  Capt.  THOMAS  DICK,  Prop'r. 

THE  QUEEN'S  ROYAL  NIAGARA  HOTEL, . 

-     NIAQARA,  OHTARIO, 

Is  Handsomely  Situated  near  the  Steamboat  Landing,  at  the 
MOUTH  OF  THE  NIAGARA  RIVER. 


HENRY  WINNETT, 


Manager. 


59 


Capt.  THOMAS  DICK, 

Proprietor. 


wmmmmmmmfm 


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Fi  w  IP'  1.  S  D  .X  2i 


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9 


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-•  ->  ,«■     '* 


MACKINAC,  MICH., 

E.  A.  FRANKS,  Pkopeietor. 


-•-^ 


This  old  and  favorite  Hotel  is  most  delightfully  sitiiated  on  the  romantic  Island 
OF  Mackinac,  within  a  short  distance  of  the  water's  edge,  and  contiguous  to  the 
Arched  Bock,  Sugar  Loa^  and  other  Natural  Curiosities  in  which  this  famed 
Island  abounds  ;  being  alike  celebrated  for  its  pure  air,  romantic  scenery,  and  fish- 
ing ^'•vounds.  • 

Mackinac,  Jult/,  1874. 


CHIPPEWA  HOUSE, 

SA.TJT  STE   MARIH:, 


MICHIG-AN. 


This  favorite  Hotel  is  pleasantly  situated,  near  the  Steamboat  landings,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Ship  Canal,  and  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Fort  Brady. 
No  section  of  country  exceeds  the  Saut  and  its  vicinity  for    ,         ■  ^         •' 

Fishing,  Hunting,  or  Aquatic  Sportst 

Tlie  table  of  the  Hotel  is  daily  supplied  with  delightful  White  Fish,  and  othei 
varieties  of  the  season,  no  pains  being  spared  to  make  this  house  a  comfortable 
home  for  the  pleasure-traveler  or  man  of  business. 

•  i.  H.  P.  SMITH,  Proprietor 

60 


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EXCELSIOR 

LIVERY  STABLES. 


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FHEEMAN  &  BHOTHIB, 

PROPRIETOIIS, 
FBONT  STREET,  MABQUETTE,  MICH., 

Nearly  opposite  First  National  Bank. 

THl  ¥ffil  BIST 

CARRIAGES,  BUGGIESiSADDLE  HORSES 


-.fit 


TO  LET  AT  REASONABLE  RATES. 


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Supplied  with  Conveyances  and  Guides  to  the  best  Fishing  Grounds. 


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AT 


B.  F.  OHILO'S  CALLEBY,     ^ 

MARQUETTE,  L.  S. 

Tourists  and  Visitors  will  find  a  Large  Collection  of  Stereoscopic  Views  of  all  Points  of  Interest  on 
LAKE  SUPERIOR,  SAUT  STE.  MARIE  RIVER  AND  MACKINAC, 

Including  the  Celebrated  Pictured  Rocks,  the  Copper  and  Iron  Mines,  Indian  Views,  etc. 

Call  and  examine  whether  yon  wish  to  purchase  or  not. 

I3^^:POI^T.A.3<rT  TO  "VISITOK/S. 

G.  N.  CONKLIN 

Has  the  Largest  Stock  of  Specimens  on  Lake  Superior,  consisting  of 


fS8, 


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ALSO,  A  FINE  ASSORTMENT  OF 


Solid  Gold  Jewelry,  Silverware,  &c. 

FRONT  ST.,  MARQUETTE,  MICH. 


ninHiiBilKMit'iW'y 


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First  National  Bani< 


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H.  E.  HAYDON,  President.  JOHN  B.  MAAS,  Viee-Prea. 

F.  E.  SNOW,    -    -    Cashier. 


CAPITAL,  ONE  HUNDRED  THOUSAND  DOLLAMS. 


This  Bank  is  now  ready  for  business,  and  solicits  the  patronage  of  the  public.    Its 
affairs  will  be  conducted  in  a  manner  strictly  in  accord  with  safe  banking. 

A  SPECIALTY  WILL  BE  MADE  OF 

FOREIGN  EXCHANGES  AND  PASSAGE  TICKETS. 

Exchanges  available  at  all  points  East  and  West.  ' 

J8^*"  Collections  entrusted  to  our  care  will  receive  prompt  and  careful  attention. 

^^  H  A  YDON^S         - 


9 


NEIL  CAMPBELL,  Cashier. 


H.  E.  HAYDON,  President. 


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WEGAUJ^^B,  {L.  S.,)  MICHIGAN. 

Foreign  and  Domestic  Exchange 

FOR  SALE  AT  LOWEST  CURRENT  RATES. 

vT  Pi^SSi^aE  TICKETS 

To  and  from  the  Old  Country  by  all  the  First  Class  Lines, 

Parties  wishing  to  send  money  abroad,  or  who  desire  to  bring  out  their  friends, 
will  always  save  money  by  purchasing  DRAFTS  or  TICKETS  at  this  Bank. 

A  GENERAL  BANKING  BUSINESS  TRANSACTED. 

62 


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NEGAUNEE,  MARQUETTE  CO.,  MICHIGAN,  '^^m    .     * 


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J.  B.  SMITH  &  CO 


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Merchants,  Forwarders,  and  Agents, 


'■':-* 


L'ANSE,  LAKE  SUPERIOR,  MICHIGAN. 
GOODS  AT  \VHOLESALE  AND  RETAIL. 

Stock  consisting  of  Dry  Ooods^  Groceries,  JProvLsionSf  Boots  and  ShoeSf  Clothing, 
Mats  and  Cajts,  Ftimituref  Crockery,  Sash  and  Doors,  X/wte,  Orain,  Feedf 
May,  and  a  large  and  complete  Stock  of  Mining  Supplies  of  every  descrip- 
tion f  Oak  Ijumber,  Stove  and  Steanibort  Coal,  JHre  Brick,  Conitnon 
Brickf  and  all  heavy  articles  freighted  by  vessel,  sold  in 

LABGE  OB  SMALL  QUANTITIES. 

SFEOIA-L   A.aEISrT8 

For  Hazard's  Kifle  and  Blasting  Powder,  Superior  Safety  Fuse,  St.  Clair  River 
Turned  Mining  and  Axe  Helves,  Steinway  Pianos  at  N.  Y.  prices,  etc. 

,..  ^  ^    ,  vT.  33.  sis^ith:  &  O  0-, 

.       '  L'ANSE,  HOUOHTON  CO. 


0.  £.  HOLLAND. 


DEALERS  IN 


J.  N.  SOOTT. 


SHELF  AND  HEAVY  HARDWARE, 


"'^  -41 


^:.Arim  w  '^"- 


SHIP  CHANDLERY  GOODS, 

AND  MANUFACTURERS  OF 

TIN,  COPPER  AND  SHEET-IRON  WARE, 

L'ANSE,  L.  S.,  MICHIGAN. 
BBANCH  STORE,  MICUIGAMME,  MICH. 

Agents  for  Fairbank's  Standard  Scales,  Broad's  Patent  Cant-Hooks,  Pike  Poles,  Hall's  Safes,  etc. 

L.   J.   BECOTEAU  ^  CO., 

DEALER  IN 

GENERAL  GROCERIES,  PROVISIONS 

AND  ALL  KINDS  OF 

G-J-Lj;^^^V^JL:Ei,:El  A3<riD  OltOOKZEIS/T". 
VESSELS   SUPPLIED. 

63 


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UST  OF  BOOKS  AND  HAFS 


COMPILED  AND  FOR  SALE  BY 


J.  DISTURNELL, 

No.  17  Sontb  Sixtb  Street,  Pblladelpbla,  (up  stairs.) 


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MISSISSIPPJ 

^A^fi  r.       AND       ,cK]V 


Xhnhraeinff  a  Description  of  Laheg 
Superiftr,  Huron,  Michigan^  Erie, 
and  Ontario;  Commerce  of  the 
XjaheSf  Ac;  forming  a  Complete  Guide 
for  the  Plkasure  Traveller  ;  with  Map  and 
Illustrations.    Price,  $3.00,  bound  in  cloth. 

J^ake  Superior  Guide,  giving  a  full  De- 
scription of  the  Objects  of  Interest  and 
Places  of  Resort  on  this  great  Inland  Sea 
— its  Cities,  Villa^res,  Mineral  Locations,  Ac. 
With  TowNsuip  Map.    Price,  $1.00. 

Township  Map  of  the  Lake  Superior 
Jiegiftn  and  Upper  Mississippi  Val- 
ley; showing  the  Copper,  Iron,  Silver,  and 
Gold  Fields  on  the  South  and  North  Shores 
of  Lake  Superior.  Price,  75  cents,  pocket 
form. 


Across  the  Continent  and  Around 
the  World — Disturnell's  Railroad  and 
Steamship  Guide  ;  giving  the  Great  Lines 
OF  Travel  Around  the  World  ;  also,  other 
Useful  Information  relating  to  Railroads, 
Steamship  Lines,  Telegraph  Lines,  &c. 
With  Map  of  the  World,  on  Mercator's  Pro- 
jection.   Prioe,  50  cents. 

United  States  Megister,  or  JBlue  JBooh 
for  1874f  containing  the  Army  and  Navy 
List,  Judiciary,  «&c.  ;  together  with  Infor- 
mation relating  to  the  States  and  Terri- 
tories, with  the  Census  of  1870;  also,  re- 
lating to  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  and 
other  portions  of  the  Continent  of  America. 
Price,  $2.00,  in  cloth  binding. 

Official  Census  of  the  United  States 
and  TerritorieSf  by  Counties,  Ac,  for 
1860  and  1870,  and  of  the  Dominion  of 
Canada,  from  the  latest  enumeration ;  also, 
the  Constitution  of  the  United  States, 
and  Amendments.  Pric^,  75  cents,  in  cloth. 

Influence  of  Climate  in  North  and 
South  Americu ;  showing  the  varied  in- 
fluences operating  in  the  Equatorial,  Tropi- 
cal, Sub-Tropical,  Temperate, Cold  and  Frigid 
Zones,  extending  from  the  Arctic  to  the 
Antarctic  Circle ;  accompanied  by  an  Agri- 
cultural and  Isothermal  Map  of  North 
America.    Price,  $4.00,  cloth  binding. 

The  Post- Office  IHreetory  for  the 
United  States  and  Canada,  with  a 
Supplement  containing  the  New  Post-OflBces 
of  the  United  States,  corrected  to  April  1st, 
1873.  Price,  $3.00,  in  cloth  binding ;  $2.26 
in  paper  covers. 


ni^  MAILED  FREE  OF  POSTAGE, 

Philadelphia,  May,  1874. 

64 


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